1). A cell is in the process of transcription. The single strand of DNA that is being copied has the sequence ATC GCA GGA TGC. Indicate the mRNA strand that will be synthesized from this strand, listing the correct sequence of bases. Describe why this step is important in the process of producing proteins. Explain how gene expression is regulated.
The mRNA coding sequence can be described as units of three nucleotides that are called codons. Since mRNA is made from the template strand it has the same information as the coding strand here the code for the mRNA would be identical.Here are two complementary strand examples of DNA ATGGAATTCTCGCTC using coding sense strand TACCTTAAGAGCGAG code for antisense strand AUGGAAUUCUCGCUC mRNA made antisense strand Because this produces amino acids when forming with ribosomes you generate proteins through this process. Regulation of gene expression includes the processes that cells and viruses that are used to regulate the information in genes and how they are turned into gene products.2). Explain how nondisjunction may be related to Down syndrome.
Describe four syndromes that result from inheritance of an abnormal sex chromosome number. During meiosis chromosomes are separated equally but if they are not separated equally this is known as non-disjunction in males meiosis I accounts for 80% of cases this is where gametes end up with either an extra chromatid or no chromatid. With Down syndrome the offspring carries an extra chromatid in Chromosome 21 which is Trisomy 21. You have Turner syndrome which is one of the three most common chromosome abnormalities found in irst trimester they often have extensive edema which results in neck webbing and arched nails and usually have heart defects and kidney malformation. Triple X syndrome which females are tall and are usually fertile but a significant number have urogenital problems including infertility. If fertile, there is an increased risk of chromosomal abnormalities some have delays in language, and learning skills and have impaired communication and psychosocial adaptation.
Klinefelter syndrome cause’s hypogonadism, azoospermia or oligospermia in some cases males are infertile and their sexual function is normal but with decreased libido. Most have autoimmune susceptibility with high mortality rate for cerebrovascular disease and have normal IQ although often less than siblings and their reading skills are often poor.3). What STDs are caused by viruses and which STDs are caused by bacteria? What are the symptoms and treatments for each of these STDs?Here are the STDs that are caused by bacteria they are gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia and chancroid while these are the ones caused by viruses human papillomavirus, genital herpes, and HIV with all this sexual activity has a great role in spreading many other infectious agents you are still possible to be infected without sex by these diseases which are hepatitis A and B viruses, shigella, cryptosporidium and Giardia lamblia.
For males with herpes they will have blisters or open sores in genital area with burning and tingling sensation before those signs show with females they might not know they have them because they are inside the vagina.AIDS signs are you will be tired and have fever although there is still no cure but there are medications to keep under control HPV is genital warts they are hard painless bumps if untreated may form in shape like cauliflower are treated by topical drug that is applied to skin or you may have surgery. Chlamydia is abnormal discharge or burning while urinating can cause people to be infertile can be treated with antibiotics. Gonorrhea discharge from penis or vagina along with painful urination can be treated with antibiotics also.Syphilis open sores on penis or around vagina, also around mouth, on your hands and around your Anus the treatment for this is Penicillin.4).
Your friend knows that you took Human Biology and studied genetics. She asks you to explain a Punnett square to her. How do you explain how a Punnett square is read? Apply the following terms to your explanation: dominant, recessive, one-trait & two-trait crosses, dihybrid cross and probability.First you have to understand what everything term means so then I would say a Genotype has letters that make up the individual. Ex is TT or Tt then you have next is a Phenotype these are the physical characteristics for one trait.
Ex. is. Tall or short people, then you have a Dominant trait which is shown as capital letter like T. Next you have what is a Recessive trait which is shown as a small case letter like t. Then you have a Monohybrid Cross which is a Single-Factor Cross this is shown by one trait used in the genetic cross.
Ex is T=Tall, t=short. For one trait two letters represent the genes while the two trait will be one Capital letter and small case letters then you have what is called a Dihybrid Cross which is a Two-factor Cross. This is when two traits are used in the genes. Like T=Tall, t=short and also another way to say this is B=Black hair then b=white hair then with all shows the factor of which you might be taller than your siblings or even smarter or in some cases siblings might be identical in every matter tall, short or very smart.
