Ancient Egypt and Social Democratic Party

Egypt is one of the cradles of civilization in the Middle East. Traces of early man were found in Egypt dating back as early as 700,000 years ago.

Egypt and ancient Canaan to the north probably served as the bridges by which successive waves of humans: homo erectus, homo habilis, homo neanderthalensis and homo sapiens, evidently migrated out of Africa and into Mesopotamia and Europe. Ancient Egyptians used a phonetic-pictograph writing called hieroglyphics by the Ancient Greeks.This system evolved from portrayal of pictures of objects to using stylized representation of objects to represent sound combinations and compose words, to a phonetic alphabet much like our own. Ancient Egypt boasted considerable achievements in art, medicine, astronomy and literature, and was the hub of civilization in much of the Near East and North Africa. The unique history of ancient Egypt and visible monuments to that history helped Egyptians to preserve a distinct national consciousness, and to remain a separate entity during the years of Arab, Mameluke and Ottoman conquest.Until the conversion to Christianity, Egyptian polytheistic religion centered on the afterlife.

Pharaohs and rich Egyptians built elaborate tombs in caves or in Pyramids, decorated with elaborate art on the interior and containing jewelry and objects that would be needed in the after-life, and in some cases servants and slaves who were interred with their master. The walls of pyramids were decorated with elaborate stylized frescos such as the one at right, in which noble persons were shown as larger than slaves, and subjects were drawn in profile.In other periods, all subjects were shown in frontal view only. The king or noble person had his or her body embalmed, wrapped in linen, and enclosed in an elaborate carved coffin as a mummy. Form of Government The politics of Egypt is based on republicanism, with a semi-presidential system of government. Following the Egyptian Revolution of 2011, and the resignation of President Hosni Mubarak, executive power was assumed by the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, which dissolved the parliament, and suspended the constitution.

In 2012, presidential elections resulted in the election of Mohammed Morsi as Egypt's fifth President. The Egyptian Social Democratic Party is a left liberal and a social democratic party in Egypt which was founded after the 2011 Egyptian Revolution by the merger of two minor liberal parties, the Liberal Egyptian Party, and the Egyptian Democratic Party on 29 March 2011. In August 2012, the party was admitted into the Socialist International as a consultative member. The party is considering merging with the Constitution Party.The Egyptian Social Democratic Party and the Tagammu Party ran in the 2012 Shura council election as part of the Egyptian Bloc. The division of seats between the two parties in the Shura Council is unclear.

The party was accepted into the Party of European Socialists on 18 February 2013. Parliamentary life in Egypt has been a mark of Egyptian civilizations along its history. In modern history, parliamentary life started as early as 1824 while representative parliamentary life did not start until 1866. Today's Parliament of Egypt is bicameral, made up of the People's Assembly and the Shura Council.Political Parties and Elections According to the Egyptian Constitution, political parties are allowed to exist. Religious political parties are not allowed as it would not respect the principle of non-interference of religion in politics and that religion has to remain in the private sphere to respect all beliefs.

Also forbidden are political parties supporting militia formations or having an agenda that is contradictory to the constitution and its principles, or threatening the country's stability such as national unity between Muslim Egyptians and Christian Egyptians.As of 2012, there are more than 40 registered political parties in Egypt. The largest are Freedom and Justice Party, al-Nour Party, New Wafd Party, Free Egyptians Party, Justice Party, Wasat Party, Egypt. Economy The economy of Egypt was highly centralized under President Gamal Abdel Nasser.

In the 1990s, a series of International Monetary Fund arrangements, coupled with massive external debt relief resulting from Egypt's participation in the Gulf War coalition, helped Egypt improve its macroeconomic performance.Since 2000, the pace of structural reforms, including fiscal, monetary policies, privatization and new business legislations, helped Egypt move towards a more market-oriented economy and prompted increased foreign investment. The reforms and policies have strengthened macroeconomic annual growth results which averaged 5% annually but the government largely failed to equitably share the wealth and the benefits of growth have failed to trickle down to improve economic conditions for the broader population, especially with the growing problem of unemployment and underemployment among youth under the age of 30 years.A youth protest demanding more political freedoms, fighting corruption and delivering improved living standards forced President Mubarak to step down on 11 February 2011. After the revolution Egypt’s foreign exchange reserves fell from $36 billion in December 2010 to only $16. 3 billion in January 2012, also in February 2012 Standard ; Poor’s rating agency lowered the Egypt’s credit rating from B+ to B in the long term.

Geography Egypt at the northeast corner of Africa on the Mediterranean Sea is bordered on the west by Libya, on the south by the Sudan, and on the east by the Red Sea and Israel.It is nearly one and one-half times the size of Texas. Egypt is divided into two unequal, extremely arid regions by the landscape's dominant feature, the northward-flowing Nile River. The Nile starts 100 mi (161 km) south of the Mediterranean and fans out to a sea front of 155 mi between the cities of Alexandria and Port Said. Egypt Population The total population in Egypt was last recorded at 82.

5 million people in 2011 from 27. 9 million in 1960, changing 196 percent during the last 50 years. Population in Egypt is reported by the World Bank. Historically, from 1960 until 2011, Egypt Population averaged 52. Million reaching an all-time high of 82.

5 Million in December of 2011 and a record low of 27. 9 Million in December of 1960. The population of Egypt represents 1. 20 percent of the world? s total population which arguably means that one person in every 84 people on the planet is a resident of Egypt. Religion The majority religion is Islam, of which the Sunnis are the largest sect.

The 1971 constitution declares Islam to be the state religion. According to official estimates, 90% of the populations are Muslim and 8% to 10% are Christian, with the Coptic Orthodox Church being the largest Christian denomination.Other denominations represented include Armenian Apostolic, Greek and Syrian Orthodox, Catholics (including Armenian, Chaldean, Greek, Melkite, Roman, and Syrian), and a variety of evangelical Protestant denominations. Though the constitution provides for religious freedom, the government has a long history of infringements upon this right. Any religious practices that can be considered in conflict to Shari'ah (Islamic law) are prohibited and Article 98 (F) of the Penal Code allows for prosecution for unorthodox practices and beliefs that are considered to be "insulting heavenly religions.

And the Government discrimination extends to both Muslim fundamentalists and Christians. Education in Egypt The importance of education has always been acknowledged in Egypt. Egypt, as we know it today, has an excellent education system and the government has been particularly keen on developing the literacy levels in the country. As of the year 2007, about 12% of the government’s expenditure was towards development of the country’s education system.

The Ministry for Education has been responsible for supervising the operational and financial aspects of educational institutions in Egypt.A number of autonomous higher education institutions have been opened and cities like Cairo have seen a number of vocational and business courses on offer for students. With international trade opening up the global market, ESOL institutions in Cairo have gained prominence. The Natural Resources of Egyfits. There are of course other natural resources as well.

These include iron ore, phosphate, limestone, manganese, talpt mainly refer to the oil and gas of Egypt. The oil reserves of Egypt draw huge annual revenues from its export proc, zinc, asbestos and gypsum.However, the analysis of the Egyptian natural resources would remain incomplete without the consideration of those resources, which had been bringing prosperity to the land of Egypt in the ancient times of Pharoic domination. Ancient Egypt was a very important time in our time period.

They had their own way of life. Egyptians had their own writing, burials, government, religion, cooking, and games. They were educated people with many talents. They were good with their hands and brains. Ancient Egyptians were a magnificent race of people. The Ancient Egyptians called their country Kemet, which means "Black Land.

The dark soil from the Nile River was very fertile. The Nile overflowed at the same time every year, leaving farmers with very fertile soil. The Nile provided much needed water for their crops during the dry season by using their irrigation system. The Nile River also provided the Egyptians with drinking water, and a way for them to travel, allowing them to explore and trade. In addition, the desert around the river was called "Red Land" by the Egyptians. This is where they lived, grew and prospered.

The desert provided much gold for the Egyptians to trade with other countries.