Chapter 7&8 Marieb Human Anatomy and Physiology

Chrystal Moore B-227.

4036 Chapter 7 & 8 Chapter 7 Review Questions 1-15 pg. 246 1. ) 1. B, G 2.

H 3. D 4. D, F 5. E 6. C 7.

A, B, D, H 8. I 2. ) 1. G 2. F 3.

B 4. A 5. B 6. C 7. D 8. E 3.

) 1. B 2. C 3. E 4.

A 5. H 6. E 7. F 4.

) The cranial bones are made up of the frontal bone, two parietal bones, two temporal bones, the occipital bone, sphenoid bone, and ethmoid bone. The facial bones consists of two nasal bones, two maxillae, two zygomatic bones, one mandible, two lacrimal bones, two palatine bones, two inferior nasal conchae, and the vomer bone.The functions of the cranial bones are to protect the brain, stabilize the position of the brain, blood vessels and nerves, and provide space for the muscles that move the head. The function of the facial bones are to provide framework for the face, protect and provide support for the digestive and respiratory systems, and attach muscles that are necessary in creating facial expressions. Together, the facial and cranial bones protect and support the organs necessary for the senses of vision, taste, smell, sound, and for balance. .

) The adult skull has 8 bones in the cranium, and 14 bones in the face. The cranium at birth is huge relative to the face and the 8 bones in an adult cranium are present, but not fused together. The outline of the fetus’ face is flat. A fetus’ cranium and face features have more bones and fonatelles than that of an adult’s skull. 6. ) The vertebral curvatures consist of, in order from top to bottom anatomically, the cervical curvature, the thoracic curvature, the lumbar curvature, and the sacral curvature.

The cervical curvature is made up on 7 vertebrae, the thoracic has 12, the lumbar has 5, and the sacral has 5 fused vertebrae that make up the sacrum. The cervical and lumbar curvatures are concave posteriorly and the thoracic and sacral are convex posteriorly. The primary curvatures are the thoracic and sacral curvatures. The secondary curvatures are the cervical and lumbar curvatures. 7.

) The cervical vertebrae are smaller than the thoracic vertebrae and has longer vertebral arches.IT has three holes for the vertebral foramen and two for the transverse foramina. The thoracic vertebrae have longer and heavier transverse processes and are characterized by their articulating surfaces with the ribs. The lumbar vertebrae have pedicles and laminae that are shorter and thicker than those of other vertebrae, the vertebral foramen is triangular, and spinous processes are short. 8.

) Intervertebral discs allow the spine to flex and extend and to a lesser extent, to bend laterally. They enhance the flexibility in the lumbar and cervical regions. . ) Nucleus pulposus gives the disc its elasticity and compressibility.

Annulus fibrosus limits the expansion of the nucleus pulposus when the spine is compressed. It acts like a woven strap to bind successive vertebrae together, withstands twisting forces, and resists tension in the spine. Nucleus pulposus provides durability and strength. Annulus fibrosus provides resilience and is involved in a “slipped” disc.

10. ) True ribs are superior seven pairs of ribs that attach directly to the sternum by individual costal cartilages.False ribs are the last five pairs of ribs inferior to the true ribs and named false, because they attach to the sternum indirectly, or not at all. 11. ) The major function of the pelvic girdle is to support the visceral organs of the pelvis and transmit the full weight of the upper body to the lower limbs. The shoulder girdle and pelvic girdle are both ball and socket joints, but since the shoulder girdle allows for more flexibility, we can swing our arms in a full 360 degree circle.

The pelvic girdle lacks the mobility of the shoulder girdle, but is far more stable.Even though they have similar anatomical structures, it is the small differences, such as deep and cuplike sockets in the pelvic girdle, makes the difference in function. 12. ) The female pelvis tilts more forward than males, is thinner, more smooth, and less bone thickness. It is broader, more rounded, and adapts for childbearing.

The male pelvis is tilted less forward than the female girdle, has greater bone thickness, more prominent bone markings, and a more acute angle. It is adapted for support of a male’s heavier build and stronger muscles. 13. Cleft palate is a condition where the left and right palates fail to fuse medially. This creates a persistent opening between the oral and nasal cavities and interferes with sucking and can lead to inhalation of food into the lungs.

Hip dysplasia is when the acetabulum forms incompletely or the ligaments of the hip joint are loose, leading to the head of the femur slipping out of socket. It can lead to permanent crippling. 14. ) Compare a young adult skeleton to that of an extremely aged person relative to bone mass in general and the bony structure of the skull, thorax, and vertebral column in particular.A young adult’s skeleton will increase in bone mass, An extremely aged person’s skeleton will lose mass, the thorax becomes more rigid, 15.

) Peter Howell was trying to help his students learn the obturator foramen. Critical Thinking pg. 247 1. ) Justiniano probably had carpal tunnel syndrome.

2. ) Ralph was born with an abnormal vertebral structure and muscle paralysis causing the opposite side of his body to exert an unopposed pull on the spine and force it out of alignment, causing Lordosis. 3. Mary’s grandmother fractures her left femur at the site of the head and more specifically the fovea capitis, which helps secure the femur. A fractured hip is more common among the elderly, because their bones deteriorate with age and become weaker and more susceptible to injury. 4.

) Mrs. Shea had sore spots on her buttocks, because of abnormal extended periods of sitting that she wouldn’t usually have her body endure. If wheeled around for a few more days, her buttock would’ve had excessive strain on the muscles for the great amount of inactivity. Chapter 8Review Questions pg. 274 1. ) 1.

C 2. A 3. A 4. B 5. C 6. B 7.

B 8. A 9. C 2. ) B 3. ) D 4. ) B 5.

) B 6. ) D 7. ) D Short Answer Essay Questions 8. ) Joint is defined as the junction of two or more bones. 9. ) Freely movable joints predominate in the limbs.

Immovable and slightly movable joints are largely restricted to the axial skeleton. The localization of these types of joints makes sense, because the less movable the joint, the more stable it is likely to be. 10. ) They act as “ball bearings” to reduce friction between adjacent structures during joint activity.Bursae are flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and containing a thin film of synovial fluid. They occur where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together (as in the arms).

Tendon sheaths are elongated bursae that wraps completely around a tendon subjected to friction. They are common where several tendons are crowded together within narrow canals (as in the wrist). 11. ) Nonaxial movements are slipping movements since there is no axis around which movement can occur.

Uniaxial movements are movements in one plane (transvers, sagittal, or frontal).Biaxial movements are movements in two planes (transvers, sagittal, or frontal). Multiaxial movements are movements in or around all three planes of space and axes. 12. ) Flexion is a bending movement usually along the sagittal plane that decreases the angle of the joint and brings the articulating bones closer together.

Extension is the opposite of flexion, whereas the angle would increase between the articulating bones and typically straightens a flexed limb or body part. Abduction is the movement of a limb away from the midline or median plane of the body, along the frontal plane.Adduction is the opposite of abduction, whereas the movement of a limb towards the body midline. Essentially, flexion/extension and abduction/adduction are the opposites of one another, but are similar is movement is how they increase or decrease the angle between bones. 13. ) Rotation differs from circumduction, because it is the turning of a bone around its own long axis, whereas circumduction is moving a limb so that it describes a cone in space and involves ball and socket joints.

14. ) Two types of uniaxial joints are temporomandibular and the atlantoaxial.Two types of biaxial joints are atlanto-occipital and the wrist. Two types of multiaxial joints are the shoulder and the sternoclavicular. 15.

) The menisci help prevent side-to –side rocking of the femur on the tibia and absorb shock transmitted to the knee joint. The anterior cruciate ligament prevents forward sliding of the tibia on the femur and checks hyperextension of the knee. The posterior cruciate ligament prevents backward displacement of the tibia or forward sliding of the femur. 16.

) The “beast” description of the knee refers to the negative associations of the knee.The knees are most susceptible to sports injuries, because of their reliance on nonarticular factors for stability and the fact that they carry the body’s weight. It is vulnerable to horizontal blows, but the most dangerous are lateral blows to the extended knee. 17. ) Cartilage injuries involve tearing of the knee menisci and tears and overuse damage to the articular cartilages of other joints. They typically occur when a meniscus is subjected to compression and shear stress at the same time.

Cartilage is avascular and it rarely can obtain sufficient nourishment to repair itself, so it usually stays torn.Sprain injuries are the ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn. They tend to be painful and immobilizing. 18. ) In a synovial joint, the fibrous part of the capsule strengths the joint so that the bones are not pulled apart. Synovial fluid provides a slippery weight-bearing film that reduces friction between cartilages.

Articular cartilage absorbs compression placed on the joint and thereby keep the bone ends from being crushed. Critical Thinking 1. ) Sophie’s condition can be described as her having bursitis from long periods of leaning on her elbow or falling on it. 2. The ankle joint is normally a stable joint that is depended upon for support for our body weight and acts as a lever to propel the body forward when we walk or run. A closed reduction is when a physician coaxes the bones into position by hand.

A ligament repair is necessary, because as Harry dislocated and sprained his ankle, his ligaments were partially torn and ligaments are poorly vascularized, so it takes them a long time to heal. An arthroscopy entails an arthroscope entering the body to get a better visual of the torn ligament and fro there the physician decides what can be done next.The doctor is able to directly fix/repair the ligament, however, depending on the tear, this procedure is less harmful on the body and allows Harry to be out of the doctor’s office in the same day with minimal pain. 3.

) Mrs. Bell has rheumatoid arthritis. It starts with joint tenderness and stiffness, particularly in the small joints of the wrist, ankle, feet, and fingers. Inflammation of the synovial membrane of the affected joints and migrate into the joint cavity from the blood and unleash a deluge of inflammatory chemicals that destroy body tissues when released inappropriately in large amounts. . ) What Grace was trying to get at was that the ticks lives on deer and since the deer population was growing significantly, she concluded that ticks were transferring from deer to deer and the three boys ran into a deer that was carrying ticks.

5. ) Tony was experiencing a dislocation of his jaw. His yawn was so large that it dislocated his jaw and that’s why it got stuck. Critique The Human Skeleton Human Bones is what I would consider to be most valuable, because it is thorough on the various aspects of the anatomy of the human body.It is a great visual for people, like me, who learn best when there’s a visual or interactive learning process. The site offers different views of the body to provide a great range of knowledge of the specific parts.

The quizzes offered are greatly helpful as well. It goes from a broad body part to the more specific parts of the larger body part. It helps take a big picture and break it into simpler smaller parts. I have used this link more than the others. /IT just convers all areas necessary and is very detailed.