In what ways did the Industrial Revolution shape the character of 19th century European imperialism? (CH. 19)
Place - Europe & colonies Time - 19th century Imperialism was made popular in Europe through the growth of mass nationalism. Rivalry - competitive political system. Struggle for more colonies meant status and power. Imperialism appealed on economic and social grounds to the wealthy, seemed politically & strategically necessary in international power politics, and was emotionally satisfying to the Europeans. Overseas expansion! Steam-driven ships & new technology provided easy access. Underwater Atlantic Telegraph Cable provided the technology to communicate.
What contributed to changing European views of Asians and Africans in the 19th century? (CH. 19)
Place - Global Time - 19th century Europeans developed a secular arrogance along with "religious superiority" - they had unlocked secrets regarding nature, created society of wealth, and produced unsurpassed military power. This is how Europeans judged themselves vs. the world. Opinions of other cultures dropped sharply. Racism! - through (social) Darwinism. Hierarchy of races - white on top. New sense of expanding Empire: Europe fated to dominate over "weaker races" Made imperialism, war and aggression seem natural and progressive. - All powerful Europe.
What accounts for the massive peasant rebellions of nineteenth century China? (CH. 19)
Place - China Time - 19th century Economic success - massive population growth. Absence of Industrial Revolution and agricultural production could not maintain the demands of China's people. This led to growing pressures on the land, smaller farms for peasants, unemployment, and ultimately impoverishment, misery, and starvation. China's government did not enlarge to adapt the growing population pressure. Harsh treatment of peasants led to rising numbers of bandit gangs and peasant rebellions. The Taiping Rebellions created China's internal conflict - peasants ultimately rejected some Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism for Christian values.
How did Western pressures stimulate change in China during the 19th century? (CH. 19)
Place - China Time - 19th Century British merchants in China sold opium - a highly addictive drug. Silver out of China for opium went to Europe. Emperor started the Opium Wars in attempts to put an end to the treacherous opium trade. Chinese officials destroyed opium; British were offended -sent a large naval expedition to China to end restrictive conditions. Treaty of Nanjing imposed restrictions on Chinese sovereignty & opened 5 ports to European merchants. Second Opium War further humiliated China. China would lost control of Vietnam, Korea, and would be dependent on Western powers thus becoming a portion of Europe's informal empire.
What strategies did China adopt to confront its various problems? In what ways did these strategies reflect China's own history and culture with the new global order? (CH. 19)
Place - China Time - 1750 to 1914 CE Self-Strengthening Moment - policies sought to reinvigorate a traditional China while borrowing cautiously from the West. Examination system - Civil Service Exam - sought good men for official positions to cope with reconstruction after wake of the Taiping Rebellion. Support for landlords and repair of dikes and irrigation - helped restore rural social and economic order. Factories (textiles and steel) established, coal mines expanded, telegraph system. > modernization. European dominance = Chinese nationalism.
What lay behind the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century? (CH. 19)
Place - Ottoman Empire Time - 19th Century Ottoman Empire was unable to prevent region after region from falling under control from Christian (European) powers. Domains of empire shrank from Russian, British, Austrian, and French aggression. Loss of Egypt as territory. Parts of the empire: Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Romania achieved independence based on surging Nationalism and support from British/Russians. Central Ottoman state had weakened. Janissary Corps lost military edge. Technological and military gap with west growing. Capitulations - granted some exemptions from law - European penetration. *Growing indebtedness of empire - foreign loans - dependency on Europe.*
In what ways did the Ottoman state respond to its various problems? (CH. 19)
Place - Ottoman Empire Time - 19th Century Programs of "defensive modernization" were mounted - no internal uprisings. No huge population growth. Leaders were Turks or Muslims. Reforms that sought to reorganize and update army and to draw on European advisers and technology. - Stirred hostility from both the ulama and the Janissary Corps - saw it as conflict with Islam. Reformist measures - Tanzimat Reforms - as an empire looked for underpinning for a re-centralized state. Modernization! Westernization! Rights of non-Muslims!
In what different ways did various groups define the Ottoman Empire during the 19th century? (CH. 19)
Place - Ottoman Empire Time - 19th Century Reform supporters: Ottoman Empire was a secular state whose people were loyal to the dynasty that ruled it, rather than a primarily Muslim state based on religious principles. Young Ottomans - Favored a Western-style government. Islam modernization. Rule of despotism Young Turks - Abandoned Islam; advocated militantly secular public life - modernization and Ottoman Empire as a Turkish national state. Radical secularization of schools, courts, law codes. More women rights! Secular Nationalism - public loyalty.
How did Japan's historical development differ from that of China and the Ottoman Empire during the 19th century? (CH. 19)
Place - global Time - 19th Century Japan confronted Western power through "black ships: of Matthew Perry which forcefully demanded Japan to open up to world relations. Became modernized, powerful, united, industrial nation. Chinese & Ottoman Empires both could not create industrial economies to fend off European intrusion. Both empire collapsed. Was not centralized enough and thus new Western power would dominate. Internal reforms made structure weak. Japan - wealth of merchants, rising peasant class, less/restricted authority of Shogunate. Decisive break with the past, not Taiping in China that destroyed any fresh start. Japan was not the interest to capture as the other two empires were.
In what ways was Japan changing during the Tokugawa era? (CH. 19)
Place - Japan Time - 1600 to 1850 CE The samurai evolved into a Bureaucracy - 5-6% of population. Devoted to warrior code - Bushido. Economic growth, commercialization, & urban development. More rice = rural manufacturing enterprises. Japan is world's most urbanized country. - 10% population. Emerging capitalist economy. Education = high literacy rates. Solid foundation for industrial growth - 19th century. Merchants prospered - richer than Samurai. Peasants moved to cities, became artisans or merchants. Shogunate losing control.
In what respects was Japan's 19th century transformation revolutionary? (CH. 19)
Place - Japan Time - 19th century Reforms transformed Japan more than self-strengthening moment in China or radical efforts of Ottoman Empire. National Unity! National government with governors (not Daimyo) & centralized state. National army. No more samurai. Social reform - everyone under emperor were equal commoners. Peaceful reform! Fascination with everything Western. - Technology, Science, clothing, legal & education systems. Modeled society after West. Constitution, elected parliament. Emperor had ultimate power. Modern education system. Shinto with Kami and filial piety. Industrialization & zaibatsu.
How did Japan's relationship to the larger world change during its modernization process? (CH. 19)
Place - Japan Time - 1800 to 1914 CE Japan's modernization persuaded Western powers to revise the unequal treaties in Japan's favor. - Equal with Western nations!! Empire-building enterprise. Successful wars against China & Russia = Japan a formidable military competitor in East Asia. Colonies in Taiwan and Korea. Some nations admired Japan. Japan was an economic, political, and military competitor. Defeat of Russia launched other revolutions in Western countries. - "Awakening of the East" Empire of Japan treated China bitterly. Merchants traded textiles.