WGU FTC4 Foundation of Teaching

refers to tests of student knowledge at the end of instructional units (such as final exams) (should also be closely tied to formative evaluations and to course objectives)

Objectives that have to do with student attitudes and values

Assessments that rate how thoroughly students have mastered specific skills or areas of knowledge.

refers to all the means used in schools to formally measure student performance

A statement of skills or concepts that students should master after a given period of instruction.

The score designated as the minimum necessary to demonstrate mastery of a subject.

Standardized tests that include several subtests designed to measure knowledge of particular subjects.

A test that predicts ability to learn a variety of specific skills and types of knowledge.

Specific behaviors students are expected to exhibit at the end of a series of lessons.

Clear statements of what students are intended to learn through instruction.

Planning instruction by first setting long-range goals, then setting unit objectives, and finally planning daily lessons

Breaking tasks down into fundamental sub skills.

a test or other type of assessment designed to provide a measure of performance that is interpretable in terms of an individual's relative standing in some known group.

a test or other type of assessment designed to provide a measure of performance that is interpretable in terms of a clearly defined and delimited domain of learning tasks.

the act requires states to use student test results to hold schools and districts accountable for student achievement in reading or language arts and mathematics and, beginning with the 2007-2008 school year, in science.

First language maintained through reading and writing activities in first language while English introduced. Students become literate in two languages. Requires teachers trained in first language. Acquisition of English may not be as fast.

Students learn to read in first language and are given supplementary instruction in English as a Second Language. Once English is mastered, students are placed in regular classrooms and first language discontinued. Maintains first language. Transition to English is eased by gradual approach. Requires teachers trained in first language. Acquisition of English may not be as fast. First language is dropped.

Language program that emphasizes rapid transition to English

Language programs that place the greatest emphasis on using and sustaining the first language.

Students whose first language is not English and who need help in learning to speak, read, and write in English.

Instruction that acknowledges and accommodates cultural diversity

A general term that describes a variety of strategies schools use to accommodate cultural differences in teaching and learning.

A process of socializing people so that they adopt dominant social norms and patterns of behavior

Each teacher's belief that he or she can promote learning in all students, regardless of their backgrounds.

A school in which learning for all students is maximized

The practice of keeping a teacher with one group of students for more than a year

A term used to identify programs designed to provide students with education and job skills that will enable them to get a job immediately after graduating from high school

an original document containing firsthand information about a topic (Diaries, Interviews, Letters,Original works of art,Photographs,Works of literature)

contains commentary on or discussion about a primary source. The most important feature of secondary sources is that they offer an interpretation of information gathered from primary sources. (Biographies,Dissertations,Indexes, Abstracts, Bibliographies (used to locate a secondary source),Journal Articles,Monographs)

Policies that specify limitations in the use of copyrighted materials for educational purposes.

The right of teachers to choose both content and teaching methods based on their professional judgment.

The elimination of teaching positions because of declining student enrollment or school funds. Also known as "riffing."

Process that occurs when a local chapter of a professional organization negotiates with a school district over the rights of the teachers and the conditions of employment

The clause of the First Amendment that prohibits the government from interfering with individuals' rights to hold religious beliefs and freely practice religion.

The clause of the First Amendment that prohibits the establishment of a national religion. The First Amendment to the Constitution provides for the principle of separation of church and state

The extent to which a teacher's behavior becomes known and controversial.

A teacher's or other school employee's failure to exercise sufficient care in protecting students from injury.

A formal complaint against an employer alleging unsatisfactory working conditions.

protects U.S. citizens from unlawful searches and seizures, and warrants are normally required before a person or that person's property can be searched.

A principle meaning "in place of the parents" that requires teachers to use the same judgment and care as parents in protecting the children under their supervision.

A federal act that makes school records open and accessible to students and their parents

Interaction of individual differences in learning with particular teaching methods

is that part of our memory system where we keep information for long periods of time.thought to be a very large-capacity

Mental repetition of information, which can improve its retention

The component of memory in which limited amounts of information can be stored for a few seconds.

Active focus on certain stimuli to the exclusion of others

A person's interpretation of stimuli

Component of the memory system in which information is received and held for very short periods of time.

Cognitive theory of learning that describes the processing, storage, and retrieval of knowledge in the mind.

A part of long-term memory that stores facts and general knowledge

A part of long-term memory that stores information about how to do things.

A part of long-term memory that stores images of our personal experiences

Important events that are fixed mainly in visual and auditory memory

The tendency for items at the beginning of a list to be recalled more easily than other items

"Thinking about thinking" or the ability to evaluate a cognitive task to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust one's performance on that task

An intelligence test score that for people of average intelligence should be near 100.

General aptitude for learning, often measured by the ability to deal with abstractions and to solve problems

Stereotypical views and differential treatment of males and females, often favoring one gender over the other.

innovator in adult education

The tendency for items at the end of a list to be recalled more easily than other items

A level of rapidity and ease such that tasks can be performed or skills utilized with little mental effort.

Clearly specifying what is to be assessed has priority in the assessment process,An assessment procedure should be selected because of its relevance to the characteristics or performance to be measured,Comprehensive assessment requires a variety of procedures

The process of obtaining a numerical description of the degree to which an individual possesses a particular characteristic. (how much)

An instrument or systematic procedure for measuring a sample of behavior by posing a set of questions in a uniform manner.

Any of a variety of procedures used to obtain information about student performance

pieces of federal legislation ever enacted on behalf of children with special needs

A free appropriate public education (FAPE), The least restrictive environment (LRE), An individualized education program (IEP), Procedural due process,Nondiscriminatory assessment,Parental participation

Traditional Philosophy Most Closely Related- Existentialism Educational Goals- Critically examine today's institutions; elevate the status of marginalized people (women and cultural minorities) Curriculum- Emphasis on the works of marginalized people Role of Teacher- Facilitate discussions that involve clarifying issues Teaching Methods- Discussion; role play; simulation; personal research Learning Environment- Community-oriented; self-regulated Assessment- Collaborative between teacher and student; emphasis on the exposure of hidden assumptions

Rule stating that enjoyable activities can be used to reinforce participation in less enjoyable activities.

Food, water, or other consequence that satisfies a basic need.

A behavior that is prompted automatically by a stimulus.

create a curriculum focusing on absolute and time-honored ideas. They do this by encouraging students to study the great thinkers in our history and the ideas they've produced.

emphasize absolutes, but in contrast with idealists, their absolutes would focus on natural laws.use observation, experimentation, and critical reasoning to help students think clearly and examine the material world.

see the world in relative terms and would emphasize experience and practical understanding, validated by the scientific method. attempt to connect subject matter to children's interests.

would take a more extreme position and support a curriculum emphasizing personal awareness, freedom, and responsibility. Because there is no absolute reality or truth, teachers encourage their students to create their own personal definitions of truth and good.

Inability to develop a clear direction or sense of self.

An unpleasant consequence that a person tries to avoid or escape.

An aversive stimulus following a behavior, used to decrease the chances that the behavior will occur again.

Praise or rewards given to motivate people to engage in behavior that they might not engage in without them.

Behaviors that a person enjoys engaging in for their own sake, without any other reward

Release from an unpleasant situation, given to strengthen behavior

Pleasurable consequence given to strengthen behavior.

A pleasurable consequence that maintains or increases a behavior

Pleasant or unpleasant conditions that follow behaviors and affect the frequency of future behaviors.

The use of pleasant or unpleasant consequences to control the occurrence of behavior

The process of repeatedly associating a previously neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus in order to evoke a conditioned response

A previously neutral stimulus that evokes a particular response after having been paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Stimuli that have no effect on a particular response

A stimulus that naturally evokes a particular response.

Environmental conditions that activate the senses; the singular is stimulus

A change in an individual that results from experience.

Explanations of learning that focus on mental processes.

Explanations of learning that emphasize observable changes in behavior.

perennialism, essentialism, progressivism, and postmodernism

as with idealism and realism, focuses on time-honored absolutes. Because truth doesn't change, a teacher's responsibility is to expose students to time-tested knowledge and truth

suggests that a critical core of information that all people should possess exists, and it suggests that schools should emphasize basic skills and academic subjects, and students should be expected to master these subjects.

rooted in pragmatism, views goals as dynamic and emphasizes that learning should be experience-based and relevant to students' lives.

sees schools and other institutions in need of restructuring, with marginalized people and their works elevated to more prominent positions in the content of schooling.

Epistemology , Metaphysics, Axiology, Logic

The branch of philosophy that examines questions of how we come to know what we know. It is important for teachers because it influences how we teach and our choice of teaching methods.

or ontology, considers what we know and addresses questions of reality and, ultimately, what is real. As teachers, our beliefs about reality influence our goals for our students, as we help them discover their own realities.

considers values and ethics and examines questions and issues involving decisions about right and wrong. It is important because the public believes that schools play an important role in shaping students' values and ultimately their moral behavior.

is the process of deriving valid conclusions from basic principles. Teachers help students understand the logic of different arguments and also how to think clearly about ideas.

A description of the way professionals ought to practice

A set of related principles that are based on observation and are used to explain additional observations.

framework for thinking about educational issues, and a guide for professional practice.

Withdrawal of a pleasant consequence that is reinforcing a behavior, designed to decrease the chances that the behavior will recur. For teacher certification tests you will probably need to know that unless an unpleasant consequence reduces the frequency of the behavior it follows, it may not be a punisher

believe that knowing is a process and that learners must individually and actively discover and transform complex information to make it their own. approaches emphasize top-down processing, in which students begin with complex problems or tasks and discover the basic knowledge and skills needed to solve the problems or perform the tasks. approaches also emphasize cooperative learning, questioning or inquiry strategies, and other metacognitive skills.

A study method in which students work in pairs and take turns orally summarizing sections of material to be learned.

cooperative learning model in which students work in small groups using cooperative inquiry, group discussion, and cooperative planning and projects, and then make presentations to the whole class on their findings.

cooperative learning model in which students in four- or five-member heterogeneous groups work together on assignments

Assisted learning; an approach in which the teacher guides instruction by means of scaffolding to help students master and internalize the skills that permit higher cognitive functioning.

A constructivist approach to teaching in which students are encouraged to discover principles for themselves.

Constant number of behaviors required for reinforcement Responese during reinforcement-Steady response rate; pause after reinforcement Response pattern during extinction-Rapid drop in response rate after required number of responses passes without reinforcement

Reinforcement schedule in which desired behavior is rewarded following an unpredictable number of behaviors.

The frequency and predictability of reinforcement.

The increase in levels of a behavior in the early stages of extinction

The weakening and eventual elimination of a learned behavior as reinforcement is withdrawn

The teaching of a new skill or behavior by means of reinforcement for small steps toward the desired goal.

proposed eight stages of psychosocial development, each dominated by a particular psychosocial crisis precipitated through interaction with the social environment. In Stage I, trust versus mistrust, the goal is to develop a sense of trust through interaction with caretakers. In Stage II, autonomy versus doubt (18 months to age 3), 5859children have a dual desire to hold on and to let go. In Stage III, initiative versus guilt (3 to 6 years of age), children elaborate their sense of self through exploration of the environment. Children enter school during Stage IV, industry versus inferiority (6 to 12 years of age), when academic success or failure is central. In Stage V, identity versus role confusion (12 to 18 years), adolescents turn increasingly to their peer group and begin their searches for partners and careers. Adulthood brings Stage VI (intimacy versus isolation), Stage VII (generativity versus self-absorption), and Stage VIII (integrity versus despair).

includes physical, cognitive, personal, social, and moral development

four stages of cognitive development through which people progress between birth and young adulthood. People adjust their schemes for dealing with the world through assimilation and accommodation. Piaget's developmental stages include the sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years of age), the preoperational stage (2 to 7 years of age), and the concrete operational stage (ages 7 to 11). During the formal operational stage (age 11 to adulthood), young people develop the ability to deal with hypothetical situations and to monitor their own thinking.

Problem-solving skills skills are taught through a series of steps, including, for example, means-ends analysis and problem representation. Creative problem solving requires incubation time, suspension of judgment, conducive climates, problem analysis, the application of thinking skills, and feedback. Thinking skills include, for example, planning, classifying, divergent thinking, identifying assumptions, identifying misleading information, and generating questions. Thinking skills can be taught through programs such as Instrumental Enrichment; creating a culture of thinking in the classroom is another useful technique.

Reality is the subjective interpretation of the physical world. Knowing is making personal choice. Values are chosen by the individual. Instruction emphasizes discussion designed to increase individual self-awareness.

Reality is the interaction of the individual and the environment. Knowing is the result of experience based on the scientific method. Values are relative Curricula and instruction focus on problem solving and the scientific method.

Mataphysics of Idealism -Reality is the world of unchanging ideas. Knowing is the personal rethinking of universal ideas. Values are absolute based on enduring ideas. Curricula focus on content that emphasizes time-honored ideas.

Mataphysics of Idealism -Reality is the world of unchanging ideas. Knowing is the personal rethinking of universal ideas. Values are absolute based on enduring ideas. Curricula focus on content that emphasizes time-honored ideas

A state of consolidation reflecting conscious, clear-cut decisions concerning occupation and ideology.

Experimentation with occupational and ideological choices without definite commitment.

An adolescent's premature establishment of an identity based on parental choices, not on his or her own.

The tendency to analyze oneself and one's own thoughts.

A cooperative learning model in which students are assigned to six-member teams to work on academic material that has been broken down into sections for each member.

Theories that state that learners must individually discover and transform complex information, checking new information against old rules and revising rules when they no longer work.

Assessments that compare the performance of one student against the performance of others. A student might also have a grade-level or school rank; and in standardized testing, student scores might be compared with those of a nationally representative norm group

is designed to determine whether additional instruction is needed. asks, "How well are you doing and how can you be doing better?"

asks, "How well did you do?"

This is simply a chart that shows how a particular concept or skill will be taught and assessed at different cognitive levels.

Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis

Proper use of assessment procedures requires an awareness of their limitations,Assessment is a means to an end, not an end in itself

Decreased ability to learn new information, caused by interference from existing knowledge. Occurs when learning one set of information interferes with learning later information. A classic case is that of a North American learning to drive on the left side of the road in England.

Increased ability to learn new information based on the presence of previously acquired information. It should also be noted that learning one thing can often help a person learn similar information. For example, learning Spanish first may help an English-speaking student later learn Italian, a similar language.

Increased comprehension of previously learned information because of the acquisition of new information.for example, that English-speaking students find that the study of Latin helps them understand their native language better

In Gardner's theory of intelligence, a person's eight separate abilities: logical/mathematical, linguistic, musical, naturalist, spatial, bodily/kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal. As a teacher we must vary our learning styles to adress students differences.

Ability to understand and use spoken and written communication. Ideal vocation: poet

Ability to understand and use logic and numerical symbols and operations. Ideal vocation: computer programmer.

Ability to understand and use such concepts as rhythm, pitch, melody, and harmony. Ideal vocation: composer

Ability to orient and manipulate three-dimensional space. Ideal vocation: architect

Ability to coordinate physical movement. Ideal vocation: athlete.

Ability to distinguish and categorize objects or phenomena in nature. Ideal vocation: zoologist.

Ability to understand and interact well with other people. Ideal vocation: politician; salesperson.

Ability to understand and use one's thoughts, feelings, preferences, and interests. Ideal vocation: autobiographer; entrepreneur

Ability to contemplate phenomena or questions beyond sensory data, such as the infinite and infinitesimal. Ideal vocation: cosmologist; philosopher

To determine student performance at the beginning of instruction

To diagnose learning difficulties during instruction

To monitor learning progress during instruction

To assess achievement at the end of instruction

opened a school in Paris for individuals who were deaf

child's body grows much more slowly relative to other periods of life; the brain continues to develop fast than any other part of the body, up to 90% of its adult weight;

growth that occurs during these years usually proceeds from the extremities to the torso & may be uneven, the child's body grows much more slowly relative to other periods of life.

increased in hormonal levels occur, resulting in a growth spurt, males generally become taller than females and develop deeper voices and characteristic patterns of facial and body hair; increased strength and heart and lung capacity give the child endura

suggested forming an annex to the public schools to provide special classes for individuals with hearing impairment, visual impairment, and mental retardation

1990 A wide-ranging civil rights law that prohibits discrimination based on disability; covers employment, transportation, building accessibility, transportation, etc.

Mild form of autism; may have concomitant learning disabilities and/or poor motor skills.

A category of disability that significantly affects social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication, and educational performance. Developmental disability affecting social interactions, verbal/nonverbal communication, and educational performance. Generally evident before the age of 3 years

Has three interlocking unities: the oneness of God (monotheism); the oneness of his prophets or messengers (religious perennialism); and the oneness of humanity (equality, globalism)

Founding father; believed the security of the republic lay in proper education.

described educators of the early 20th century as educational missionaries.The idea of "public education" was created by historians who were "educational missionaries."

body quadruples in weight and the brain triples in weight, neurons branch & grow into dense connective networks between the brain & the rest of the body

1954 U.S. Supreme Court rules that separate facilities for Black and White students are inherently unequal = called for integration of schools

Paying attention to only one aspect of an object or a situation.

Disorder in ability to control movements caused by damage to the motor area of the brain

Teachers' role in advocating for the interests of the students they teach. ELL students and their families often do not have the skills or knowledge of the schooling system to make their voices heard in the school and community.

easily memorize facts but has limited understanding of them; highly verbal with poor verbal/nonverbal communication skills; have a set way of doing things; experience extreme anxiety when routine is changed/expectations are not met; sensitive to sounds

(those a child exhibits depends on form/severity of autism) extremely withdrawn; engage in self-stimulating activities (rocking, etc.); might have normal/outstanding abilitities in some areas; resistant to changes in the environment/routine; more prevalent among boys

Mild to moderate mental retardation (some exceptions); may have heart defects, hearing loss, intestinal malformation, vision problems; increased risk for thyroid problems, leukemia, & Alzheimer disease

Educational performance markedly and adversely affected over a period of time by: inability to build/maintain satisfacory interpersonal relationships; inappropriate types of behavior/feelings; general unhappiness

about 1/3 of affected girls have mild retardation/learning disability; may exhibit attention disorders, self-stimulatory behaviors, and speech/language problems

Normal intelligence; discrepancy between intelligence & performance; delays in achievement; poor motor coordination/spatial ability; perceptual anomalties; difficulty w/self-motivation

sub-average intellectual functioning existing concurrently with related limitations in 2 or more of the following: communication; self-care; home living; social skills; community use; self-direction; health/safety; functional academics; leisure; work

1874 Began as a training for Methodist Sunday-School teachers; gradually broadened in scope to include general education and popular entertainment

History Industrialization, immigration, and westward expansion lead to many social problems. Solution? An educated, moral citizenry that could participate in democratic decision-making and contribute to the nation's economy. Contributions to Education Taxes to support public schools, increase in attendance of under-represented groups, created state education departments and appointing of state superintendents

assessments that rate how thoroughly students have mastered specific skills or areas of knowledge

1975 Requires all schools receiving federal funds to provide equal access to education for children whith physical and mental disabilities

students often learn a great deal simply by observing other people, describing the consequences of behaviors can effectively increase appropriate behaviors & decrease inappropriate ones

supported complete state control of democratic school systems

1965 part of Pres. Johnson's "War on Poverty" Provides funding for special programs for children of low-income families in grades k through 12. has been reauthorized by Congress every 5 years since its inception.

estimated one in 500-700 babies born each year with some degree of alcohol-related damage/defect- alcohol can damage the central nervous system of fetus and brain damage is not uncommon. mild to moderate mental retardation; attention disorders; behavioral problems

Freedom of speech & has been extend to freedom in religious practice

prohibits the establishment of a national religion.

deaf students

for blind students

Education of All Handicapped Children Act.

teachers required to use the same judgement/care as parents in protecting the children under their supervision.

1990 Governs how states/public agencies provide early early intervention, special education, and related services to children with disabilities from birth to 21 years of age.

obtained custody of wild boy and launched an involved program to civilize and educate him; important classic in the education of individuals with mental retardation

1964 A no-cost educational/vocational training program administered by the U.S. Dept. of labor that helps people ages 16 - 24 get a better job, make more money, and take control of their lives. Part of the Economic Opportunity Act

Wanted public funding in 1840s for Catholic schools. Helped the secularization of American public schools.

A regrouping method in which students are assigned to groups for reading instruction across grade lines.

developed an early version of finger spelling for individuals who were deaf

(Cognitive) a developmental view of how moral reasoning evolves from a low to a high level. Argues that people with low moral level are unable to conceive acts of aggression as being immoral.

Provided for the rectangular land survey of the Old Northwest.

revealed prejudicial side of common school movement

Strategy for remembering lists by picturing items in familiar locations.

Knowledge about one's own thinking; involves an understanding of how memory works, what tasks require more cognitive effort, and what strategies facilitate learning; plays an important role in children's cognitive development during the middle childhood years and in the development of self-regulated learning.

1958 Passed in response to the Russian launch of Sputnik satellite; appropriated federal funds to improve education in areas considered crucial to national defense/security: math, foreign language, and science.

The study of teaching and learning with applications to the instructional process.

Spanish monk; successful in teaching a small group of pupils who were deaf to speak, read, and write

facial abnormalities; heart defects; low birth weight; motor dysfunctions

A study stategy that has students preview, question, read, reflect, recite, and review materia

almost all girls begin menstruation by age 13, most girls reach their adult stature by age 16

1973 Supreme Court ruled that reliance on property taxes to fund public schools does not violate Equal Protection Clause, even if it causes inter-district expenditure disparities

Support for learning and problem solving. The support could be clues, reminders, encouragement, breaking the problem down into steps, providing an example, or anything else that allows the student to grow in independence as a learner.

have a sense of pride in their accomplishments & enjoy demonstrating their achievements

Standard score having a mean of zero and a standard deviation of 1.

make sure student understands classroom rules/procedures; seat ADHD students in close proximity to you; understand student may not be able to control her behavior (not defiant); allow student opportunities to be active; use daily report cards

one-to-one tutoring for reading; early elementary phonetic reading strategies; teach learning-to-learn skills (study skills, test-taking skills, etc.) give frequent feedback; break down large projects into smaller chunks; effective classroom management

A concept in Vygotsky's theory regarding children's potential for intellectual growth rather than their actual level of development; the gap between what children can do on their own and what they can do with the assistance of others

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

A theory developed by Freud that attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior

perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth, A clinical viewpoint emphasizing human ability, growth, potential, and free will.

teaching is student-centers (self-discovery, self-appropriate learning, etc.), Personal freedom and dignity is emphasized in learning proces, Maslow's Pyramid

hierarchy of needs

A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations., A process that includes looking for patterns and making conjectures.

Descartes, doubt everything and use deductive reasoning. Reasoning based on facts. Combined with empiricism to create scientific method., reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case (The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.)

A loss or deficiency of motor control with involuntary spasms caused by permanent brain damage present at birth, A condition caused by brain damage around the time of birth and marked by lack of muscle control and paralysis especially in the limbs

research that gathers specific information related to the identified issue

research used to help the forecast future developments.

Seeks to uncover causes. An analysis of documents to investigate historical concepts and events., Type of research that may test a hypothesis about the relationship of an exposure to a disease,

Classrooms that focus on the concept that knowledge is objective and that students must learn new information through transmission of that knowledge from the teacher.

individual achievement is recognized; learning is internalized, learning experiences are scheduled

Classrooms in which students are given opportunities to construct their own meanings onto new pieces of knowledge; these classrooms are considered constructivist.

a learner centered approach that emphasizes the importance of individuals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher