US History Before 1877

Established the Navigation Acts under Charles II

Developed the Salutary Neglect: England's beneficial policy of not interfering with American colonies affairs, that ways they could flourish.

Governor of the Dominion of New England until 1692, when the colonists rebelled and forced him to return to England.

Theorist of social contract. He believed that the rule of God superseded government authority. If you violate our rights we have the right to rebel.

Developed separation and balance of power.

Wrote book Social Contract. He believed that democracy was the best way of ensuring the general welfare while maintaining individual freedom under the rule of law.

Famous sermon "Sinners in the hands of an Angry God". (may the fires and brimstone of hell scare you into heaven)

He believed that there should be equality before God because God loves everyone the same. Credited with starting the Great Awakening.

The #1 cause of the American Revolution. Also called "the Seven years War", it was a war between the French and Indians and the English over control of the new world.

Commander in chief for Great Britain. Attempted to drive the french out of the Ohio River Valley and was later killed and defeated at French fort Duquesne.

a 1763 agreement between Britain and France that ended the French and Indian war.

Unsuccessful attack by Ottawa chief Pontiac and his allies against British forts on the northwestern frontier in an attempt to drive out European settlers.

Issued order of King George III that prohibited settlement of newly acquired lands west of the appalachian mountains in order to keep peace with the Native Americans.

Appointed by King George III as the Prime Minister, he had the opinion that the colonists should obey the laws and pay a part of the cost of defending and administering the British empire (the after effects and costs if the Seven Years War); passed the Sugar and Stamp Acts; "lets get money out of the colonists" He also wanted to enforce the navigation acts.

A member of the Sons of Liberty who started the Committee of Correspondence to stir public support for American independence.He helped organize Non-Importation Commission, which protested the Townshend Acts, and is believed to have lead the Boston Tea Party. He served in the Continental Congress throughout the Revolution, and served as Governor of Massachusetts.

(1764) restricted colonists from printing their own currency and instead using "hard" currency (gold and silver)

Act passed in 1765 that required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies.

A law passed by the British Parliament in 1765 requiring colonists to pay a tax on newspapers, pamphlets, legal documents, and even playing cards. It was the first DIRECT tax to violate the imperial compromise. It is the #2 cause of the Revolution.

meeting of representatives of nine of the thirteen colonies held in New York City in 1765, during which representatives drafted a document to send to the king listing how their rights had been violated.

this 1766 Act repealed the Stamp Act, but stated that Great Britain can rule the colonies anyway she sees fit

Another series of revenue measures, passed by Townshend as Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1767, they taxed quasi-luxury items imported into the colonies, including paper, lead, tea, and paint. The colonial reaction was outrage and they instituted another movement to stop importing British goods.

Drafted a declaration of colonial rights and grievances, and also wrote the series of "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" in 1767 to protest the Townshend Acts. Author and member of Second Continental Congress.

The first bloodshed of the Amercan Revolution, as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans after receiving taunts from them.

The African-Native American man who was the first man to die in the Boston Massacre, also considered the first death in the Revolutionary War.

Law passed by parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies - undermining colonial tea merchants; led to the Boston Tea Party.

a 1773 protest in which colonists dressed as Indians dumped British tea into Boston harbor

4 acts passed in 1774 in response to the Boston Tea Party: Port of Boston closed (Boston Port Act), reduced power of assemblies in colonies (Massachusetts Govt Act), provided for quartering of troop in peoples homes (Quartering Act), and established the Quebec Act

Extended boundaries of Quebec and granted equal rights to Catholics and recognized legality Catholic Church in the territory.

The assembly of colonial delegates from every colony except Georgia that met in 1774 in Philadelphia to oppose the Intolerable Acts.

Adopted by the First Continental Congress, it promised obedience to the king, but denied parliament's right to tax the colonies. John Adam helped draft it.

Where the "Shot heard round the world" took place. The 1st battle of the American Revolution.

They organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence

the first important battle of the Revolutionary War (1775)

Revolutionary leader who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain. He turns the rebellion into a revolution.

This document was adopted on July 4, 1776. It established the 13 American colonies as independent states, free from rule by Great Britain. Thomas Jefferson wrote the majority of this document.

On Christmas at night, Washington's soldiers began crossing the Deleware River. The next morning, they suprise attacked the Hessians. No Americans were lost!

Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. American general Horatio Gates was victorious over British general Burgoyne

South Carolina militia leader nicknamed the "Swamp Fox" for his hit-and-run attacks on the British during the American Revolution.

The last major battle of the war in which Charles Cornwallis surrendered to George Washington. The French helped us. The war was over, and colonists had won!

French general who helped Americans and George Washington win the Battle of Yorktown.

A French admiral. He had a powerful fleet in the West Indies that he offered to Washington to help in an attack on Cornwallis at Yorktown.

A Spanish governor who came over to help America. Kept New Orleans open for Americans to use.

Prussians used in training.

French soldier who served under George Washington in the American Revolution.

a Polish patriot; Gave his life for freedom.

Polish officer who came to America to fight with the Continental Army. A fortification (defense) expert.

Both women stepped in for their wounded husbands during the revolution.

American Revolutionary soldier who fought disguised as a man and was wounded before her secret was discovered. She was the first known American woman to impersonate a man in order to join the army.

Painting by Emanuel Leutze which showed that British like to take over things, so they will have nothing to eat or take if you burn the wheat.

writers who contributed to the political ideas and the reasons why we fight the revolution.

Mother of the Boston Tea Party. Put red clay on the men to help portray them as Indians.

she was a heroine who set a field of wheat on fire so the British would not be able to get food from her family farm.

North Georgia "war woman" who killed British soldiers and murdered 5 tories.

This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River

America's first constitution which provided for a new central government with limited powers

the supreme law of the United States of America adopted on September 17, 1787, by the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia

father of the free enterprise system.

Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

Signed the declaration of independence first and made it big so the king wouldn't have to try to read it with spectacles,

(1787) defined the process by which new states could be admitted into the Union from the Northwest Territory. The ordinance forbade slavery in the territory but allowed citizens to vote on the legality of slavery once statehood had been established. The Northwest Ordinance was the most lasting measure of the national government under the Articles of Confederation

Authorized surveys and the division of public lands in the western part of the country. Specified sizes of lots and acreages. 1785. Thomas Jefferson's idea.

Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, George Washington.

Patrick Henry, Sam Adams, John Hancock

Famous for saying "Give me Liberty or Give me death!"

a 1786 revolt in Massachusetts led by farmers in reaction to high taxes

Father of the Constitution

He helped draft the Great Compromise (CT Compromise) that determined how states would be represented in Congress. He is the only man who signed all 3 documents.

agreement providing that enslaved persons would count as three-fifths of other persons in determining representation in Congress

Proposed New Jersey Plan

Proposed the Virginia Plan

1st 10 amendments

American commander-in-chief of continental army; first president, put down Whiskey Rebellion (enforced Whiskey Tax), managed first presidential cabinet, carefully used power of executive to avoid monarchial style rule. President of the Convention.

Created by Roger Sherman. States would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house.

A series of essays promoting ratification of the Constitution, published anonymously by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison in 1787 and 1788

The first amendment. Freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly, and petition.

Tax on imports and all foreign shipping. It was meant to raise money and stimulate the merchant marine rather than to protect any industry. Resulted in surplus.

Established by Washington, this group of official advisors became a regular feature of the executive branch. Consisted of Henry Knox,Thomas Jefferson, Edmund Randolph, Alexander Hamilton.

Secretary of War in Washington's cabinet.

Secretary of State in Washington's cabinet. Wrote the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the third President of the United States.

Attorney General in Washington's cabinet.

Secretary of Treasury in Washington's cabinet.

legislation passed by congress that created the federal court system

James Madison said if the capital was moved out of Philadelphia then he would pass Hamilton's financial plan. Philadelphia said if a slave lives there for more than 6 months then he was free. Washington DC was then made out of a part of Maryland.

Created in 1791 by Alexander Hamilton, the first Secretary of Treasury, the Bank of the United States was chartered for 20 years and was to have $10 mil, 1/5 of which was to be owned by the federal government.

the French people rebelled against their King, Louis XVI, to overthrow him. Afterwards, a republic was started, where revolutionists began to controversially cut the heads off of nobles. The Republican party was formed because of the French Revolution, and brought much inspiration to the U.S. at first. However, this didn't last long, as Federalists became afraid of the possibility of such extremes that were shown in France.

a period during the French Revolution in which the Robespierre-led government executed thousands of political figures and ordinary citizens

A French general, political leader, and emperor. Bonaparte rose swiftly through the ranks of army and government during and after the French Revolution and crowned himself emperor in 1804. He also sold the Louisiana territory to President Jefferson in 1803 for a very cheap price.

Treaty were America was obligated to come to the aid of France during wartime. The Americans wanted cancellation of this treaty in the fall of 1798.

Issued by George Washington, this document stated that the United States would remain neutral in the French Revolution; Thomas Jefferson resigned from the cabinet because of this order

French diplomat who in 1793 tried to draw the United States into the war between France and England. This endangered the proclamation of Neutrality.

ten years of verbally fighting with Britain

This was the race for the presidency after George Washington retired. John Adams was the Federalist Party's candidate and Thomas Jefferson was the Democratic-Republican's candidate. It was a very intense race, with the issues focusing heavily on personalities. John Adams, who was mostly supported in New England, won the election and became president. As runner-up, Thomas Jefferson became vice president.

Term widely used to describe French and American naval conflicts between 1798 to 1800. Neither nation declared war, although they carried out naval operations against each other

closed European ports under French control to foreign shipping, unless the vessels 1st stopped at a British port

American delegate who signed Treaty of Paris; New York lawyer and diplomat who negotiated with Britain and Spain on behalf of the Confederation; he later became the first chief justice of the Supreme Court and negotiated the Jay Treaty

Was made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley.

1795 - Treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans. It also changed floridas border.

incident of the late 1790s in which French secret agents demanded a bribe and a loan to France in lieu of negotiating a dispute over the Jay Treaty and other issues

Agreement which freed America from its alliance with France, forgave French $20 million in damages and resulted in Adams' losing a second term as president

Allowed the President to remove any foreigner from the country who was thought to be dangerous. Immigrants had to live in America 14 years before being able to vote.

Made it a crime to criticize the government or government officials. Opponents claimed that it violated citizens' rights to freedom of speech and freedom of the press, gauranteed by the First Amendment.

Written by Jefferson. Declaration passed that said that each state had the right to decide whether a federal law was constitutional or not. (Anti Alien and Sedition Act)

Madison said a state could interpose, or place itself between the federal government and its citizens. (Anti Alien and Sedition Act)

First peaceful transfer of power.Thomas Jefferson and John Adams was elected by representatives in congress. There was a tie between Aaron Burr and Jefferson for president, but in the end Jefferson won.

though they were both Federalists, hated each other. Burr ends up losing to Jefferson, causing him to hate Hamilton even more. Burr then challenges him to a duel.Burr shoots and kills Hamilton. This was the death of the federalist party's "High Priest".

Helped design Washington DC. Banneker was the first African American to have a government job.

The name given to the 16 Federalists granted judgeships by the Judiciary Act of 1801. Hoping to keep the judiciary branch of the federal government under the Federalists' control, President John Adams made the final appointments on his last night in office.

1755-1835. U.S. Chief Supreme Court Justice by John Adams. Oversaw Marbury v Madison and McCulloch v. Maryland.

landmark case establishing the principle of judicial review. (1803)

Jefferson's Secretary of Treasury who was a financial wizard that reduced government spending, cut taxes, and balanced the budget.

territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million. Known as the best land deal in US history.

a secret treaty signed in 1800 which stated the formal transfer of Louisiana from Spanish to France again; it was kept a secret from Britain because France was afraid that they would try to take control of it

representatives sent to France by Jefferson to negotiate purchase of New Orleans.

Educated soldier/former slave from Haiti.

Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase.

Official name of the Lewis and Clark Expedition members

native american woman who served as a guide an interpreter for the lewis and clark expedition

Clark's personal African American slave

American soldier and explorer whom Pikes Peak in Colorada is named. His Pike expedition often compared to the lewis and Clark expedition, mapped much of the southern portion of the Louisianna Purchase

Or Tripolitan Wars. Two wars between the United States of America and Barbary States in North Africa. At issue was the pirates' demand of tribute from American merchant vessels in the Mediterranean Sea. American naval power attacked the pirate cities and extracted concessions of fair passage from their rulers. (Pasha Yusuf-Tripoli)

led American sailors to raid Tripoli harbor and burned the Philadelphia down to the waterline to stop the pirates from using the ship

American helping overthrow Barbary Coast Pirates (Jefferson).

The battle where Napoleon defeated the Austrian and Russian armies.

issued by Napoleon stating that neutral ships trading with Britain or obeying the Orders in Council could be seized

barred British manufactured goods from entering American ports; warned the British what to expect if they continued to violate American neutrality rights

how the British react to Non-importation act

this act forbid American ships to sail to foreign ports. Didn't influence France or Great Britain. Americans suffered most

Jefferson is allowed to run again but chooses not to. Jefferson favors secretary of state James Madison, who is nominated by democratic republicans. Charles Pinkney nominated by federalists. James Madison's campaign is hurt because of his participation in the embargo act but he still pulls through and wins

War Hawks!

Occurred as Thomas Jefferson leaves office

reopened trade with all nations except Britain and France

restored trade with Britain and France but that if one country agreed to respect neutral rights than the US would prohibit trade with that nation's foe

a war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France

wrote the Star Spangled Banner

Squadron on Lake Erie

Senator who persuaded Congress to accept the Missouri Compromise, which admitted Maine into the Union as a free state, and Missouri as a slave state

Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory (1820)

Free all slaves in Missouri gradually.This was an attempt to have no more slaves to be brought to Missouri and provided the gradual emancipation of the children of slaves. In the mind of the South, this was a threat to the sectional balance between North and South.