true or false

Communication skills, including public speaking, are often ranked first among the qualities employers seek in college graduates.

The growth of the Internet and social networking is reducing the need for public speaking.

As your textbook states, public speaking is a form of empowerment because it gives speakers the ability to manipulate people.

The teaching and study of public speaking began more than 4,000 years ago.

Both public speaking and conversation involve adapting to listener feedback.

Public speaking requires the same method of delivery as ordinary conversation.

Public speaking usually requires more formal language than everyday conversation.

Public speaking is more highly structured than everyday conversation.

When you adjust to the situation of a public speech, you are doing on a larger scale what you do every day in conversation.

As a speaker, you can usually assume that an audience will be interested in what you have to say.

Fortunately, stage fright only affects inexperienced speakers.

Most successful speakers are nervous before taking the floor.

Some nervousness before you speak is usually beneficial.

Many of the symptoms of stage fright are due to adrenaline, a hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress.

Thinking of stage fright as "stage excitement" or "stage enthusiasm" can help you get focused and energized for a speech.

For most beginning speakers, the biggest part of stage fright is fear of the unknown.

The aim of an ethical speaker is to accomplish his or her goals by any means necessary.

Ethics is the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs.

Ethical issues can arise at every stage of the speechmaking process.

The ethical obligation of a speaker to be fully prepared increases as the size of the audience increases.

A public speaker need only be concerned about ethics in the conclusion of a speech.

The first responsibility of a speaker is to make sure her or his goal is ethically sound.

A speaker's ethical obligations decrease as the size of the audience decreases.

As the Roman rhetorician Quintilian noted 2,000 years ago, the ideal of speechmaking is to persuade the audience by any means necessary.

As the Roman rhetorician Quintilian noted 2,000 years ago, the ideal of speechmaking is the good person speaking well.

Because persuasion is such a complex process, juggling statistics and quoting out of context to maximize your persuasive effect are ethically acceptable in speeches to persuade.

As long as the goal of your speech is ethically sound, it is acceptable to use any means necessary to achieve your goal.

Ethical decisions need to be justified against a set of standards or criteria.

Sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines.

Because ethical decisions are complex, ethical choices are simply a matter of personal preference.

As your textbook explains, ethical decisions are essentially a matter of personal whim or opinion.

You have an ethical obligation to make sure the information you present in your speeches is accurate.

Hearing and listening are essentially the same.

People need effective listening skills in almost all occupations.

Research indicates that even when we listen carefully, we understand and retain only about half of what we hear.

People spend more time listening than in any other communicative activity.

You can improve your own speeches by listening carefully to the speeches of other people.

As your textbook explains, focusing on a speaker's delivery and personal appearance is an excellent way to strengthen your listening skills.

One of the major obstacles to listening effectively is that the brain can process many more words than can be spoken in a minute.

According to your textbook, a skilled therapist listening to a patient is an example of appreciative listening.

Appreciative listening is closely tied to critical thinking.

Listening is a passive process, while critical thinking is an active process.

Listening to provide emotional support for someone is called empathic listening.

According to your textbook, listening to understand a classroom lecture is an example of appreciative listening.

According to your textbook, listening to understand a classroom lecture is an example of comprehensive listening.

When you listen to someone give a sales presentation, and you need to decide whether you will buy the item, you are engaged in comprehensive listening.

Listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it is known as critical listening.

Critical listening involves listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting it or rejecting it.

Much of the anxiety associated with public speaking comes from lack of experience giving speeches.

One of the most common mistakes students make on their first speech is trying to cover too much.

Use of negative stereotypes in an introductory speech is acceptable as long as they are used in a humorous way.

As your textbook states, colorful or descriptive language is an effective way to generate audience interest in an introductory speech.

Each main point in the body of your first speech should cover a single aspect of the topic.

The topical method of speech organization follows a time pattern.

The chronological method of speech organization follows a time pattern

For your first speech, your textbook recommends trying to end on a clever or thought-provoking note.

According to your textbook, the best way to prepare to give your first speech is to memorize it and deliver it word for word.

Most experts recommend that you read your speeches to the audience so you don't forget any of the words.

Extemporaneous delivery means delivering a speech "off the cuff," with no advance preparation.

When delivering your first speech, you should try to adopt the relaxed and confident tone you use in everyday in conversation.

In order to learn your first speech well enough to deliver it extemporaneously, you need to practice it out loud

According to your textbook, the best way to practice a speech is to look silently over your notes until you think you know the speech well enough to deliver it in class.

Your textbook recommends that you present your first speech without advance preparation so it will sound spontaneous in class.

Taking a moment to look at your audience and smile before you begin to speak can help you establish rapport with them.

The first step in speechmaking is choosing a topic for your speech.

Outside the classroom, the topic of a speech is usually determined by the occasion, the audience, and the speaker's qualifications.

It is usually a poor idea to choose a speech topic that requires research.

You should usually avoid drawing on your personal knowledge or experience when choosing a speech topic.

You should usually avoid choosing speech topics that you feel strongly about.

Brainstorming is a method of generating ideas for a speech through free association of words and ideas.

Brainstorming is a way of clearing your mind so you can relax while choosing a speech topic.

No matter how you go about choosing a speech topic, it is important to start the process early

After choosing a topic, the next step in speech preparation is determining your central idea.

Once you choose the central idea of your speech, the next step is to formulate your general purpose.

After choosing a topic, the next step in speech preparation is determining your general purpose.

After choosing a topic, the next step in speech preparation is determining your specific purpose

Most often, your general purpose as a speaker is to inform or to persuade.

Most often, a speaker's general purpose will fall into one of two categories—to inform or to demonstrate.

The difference between informing and persuading is like the difference between explaining and entertaining

When your general purpose is to persuade, you act as a teacher or lecturer.

The primary purpose of speechmaking is to demonstrate your command of the topic.

According to your textbook, public speakers need to be audience-centered.

Being audience-centered means that your primary purpose as a speaker is to gain a desired response from the audience.

The aim of successful speechmaking is to gain a desired response from listeners by any means necessary

The need to adapt to the audience means that speechmakers must usually compromise their own beliefs or values.

The aim of successful speechmaking is to gain a desired response from listeners even if the speaker must compromise his or her beliefs to do so.

Being audience-centered means a speaker must sacrifice what she or he really believes to get a favorable response from the audience.

Adapting to audiences is one of the easiest tasks facing beginning speakers.

The need for audience analysis and adaptation is one of the major differences between public speaking and everyday conversation.

you can overlook the attitudes and interests of your audience.

You are most likely to be successful in your classroom speeches if you think of your classmates as a real audience

An audience's response to a message is invariably colored by its perception of the speaker.

Unlike beginning speakers, experienced speakers have little need for audience analysis.

Audience analysis and adaptation affect all aspects of speechmaking except for the delivery of the speech itself

The process of audience analysis and adaptation affects every aspect of speech preparation from choosing a topic to delivering the speech.

Public speaking is essentially like acting because once you learn a speech, you can give it over and over without adapting to the different audiences you address.

Audience analysis first comes into play after a speaker has chosen a speech topic.

Audience analysis first comes into play after a speaker has chosen a specific purpose.

It is possible to disagree entirely with a speaker's ideas but still support the speaker's right to express those ideas.

No matter how well intentioned they may be, efforts to protect society by restricting free speech usually end up repressing minority viewpoints and unpopular opinions.