Themes in the Study of Life Chapter 1&2

Darwin's Book

Themes in the study of life

Why is earth going down in species?

How do we know what is alive and what is not?

Order

Reproduction

Growth

Development

Growth and Development

Energy Utilization

Response to the Environment

Fast response to stimuli in the environment

Homeostasis

Homeo

Stasis

Evolutionary Adaptation

Biology can be described as the study of the science of ____________.

After making careful observations, scientists construct a __________. which is a suggested explanation that accounts for those observations

the experimental testing of a hypothesis formulated after the systematic objective collection of data us called the __. method

From th time of the Greek Fratosthenes to the present day, scientists have been using the method of ___ reasoning in which general principles are applied to the analysis of specific cases

a hypothesis is tested by a(n) ___

a(n) ___. is a hypothesis that is supported by a great deal of evidence

Experiments are carried out to test the hypothesis by changing one variable at a time and including a(n) _______ condition in which the variable is unaltered

specimens or rock strata which show progressive changes in characteristics of earlier organisms are called ____.

Darwin concluded from his voyage that the process of ___ had been responsible for the patterns of distribution and relationships of organisms

Natural ___ explains how the traits of organisms that leave more offspring become more common in succeeding generations

Science is not based on

in science when general principles are arrived at from the examination of specific hypothesis (cases) it is called

What is not true about a hypothesis?

hypotheses that are consistent with the results of experimental testing are

The scientific process involves

A valid experiment must include

The theory that provides a conceptual framework that unifies biology as a science is

the naturalist on the ship HMS beagle was

The proposal that one type of organism can change gradually into another type over a long period of time is known as

What was not one of the beliefs of Darwin's time?

Darwin studied the giant tortoises

Darwin's thinking about evolution was influenced by observations made on all of the following except

Besides Darwin the theory of evolution by means of natural selection was also independently proposed by

Darwin described which of the following as "those individuals that possess superior physical, behavioral, or other attributes are more likely to survive than those that are not so well endowed." and thus are more likely to pass their traits to the next generation?

a key contribution to Darwin's thinking was the concept of limits put on the geometric growth of populations by nature, originally proposed by

Recent discoveries of microscopic fossils have extended the known history of life to about

modern pieces of evidence that corroborate Darwin's theory of evolution include all of the following except

a critical requirement of Darwin's theory is

the same basic array of bones are modified to give rise to the wing of a bat and the fin of a porpoise. such anatomical structures are called

structures that have similar structure and function but different evolutionary origins are called

somewhat more than 100 years ago scientists discovered the fossil remains of a 150 million-year old bird known as

Which of the following is not required for evolution to take place

Gingko trees may lose their leaves in response to decreasing day length

Plants adapt to seasonal changes in their surroundings

Plants are raised under artificial lights turned off and on by an electric clock. some are given long periods of light, other short periods.

walnut trees may respond to the advancing season in the same way that gingko trees do.

gingko trees are known to lose their leaves at a certain time each year throughout the united states. they must behave the same way in china.

the negatively charged particles with almost no mass, orbit around the nuclear core of the atom. these are named

the number of protons in a given atom is equal to its ___ number

____ of an element have atoms with the same atomic numbers but different number of neutrons

In chemical reactions, the gain of an electron is called ___

when atoms gain or lose electrons, they become negatively or positively charged. they then are attracted to each other by ___

a(n) ________ bond forms when two atoms share a pair of electrons

approximately 90% of the atoms of all organisms are oxygen and hydrogen, reflecting the predominant role of ___ in living systems

water molecules are polar with ends that exhibit partial positive and negative charges. such opposite charges make water molecules attract each other through weak bonds called __

the __ of water molecules determines its chemistry and thus the chemistry of life

___ is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration in the solution

a substance that acts as a reservoir for H+ ions, opposing any increase or decrease in concentration, is a(n)

a proton

an electron

the atomic number of an element is equal to the number of ___

ordinary oxygen has an atomic mass of 16 and an atomic number of 8, this means that the number of neutrons in this type of oxygen is

atoms tend to be neutral in nature. therefore in such atoms the number of protons must be equal to the number of

oxygen ordinarily has 8 protons and 8 neutrons. another rare form has two extra neutrons. these two forms are

atoms in which the number of electrons does not equal the number of protons are known as

the chemical behavior of atoms is determined by

in the crystal matrix of ordinary salt, the sodium and chlorine are held together by

four most abundant atoms found in living things

because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, the water molecule is

water molecules are attracted to eachother because of the opposite charges created by partial charge separations within the molecules. these attractions are called

nonpolar molecules tend to aggregate in water because they are forced to come into close proximity with each other due to

when water ionizes, it produces equal amounts of hydrogen and hydroxide ions, which can reassociate with eachother water is thus

compared with a pH of 7, a solution of pH 5 has