Briefly describe the situation in Ithaca when Odysseus returns after his twenty-year absence
When Odysseus returns to Ithaca he has no followers and nobody is loyal to him anymore.

Since everyone thinks he is dead, the suitors have invaded his palace, looking to marry the queen Penelope.

How is Odysseus disguised? Whose idea is the disguise and who helps him to assume it?
Athena disguises Odysseus as a beggar.
What reason is given for Odysseus' recognition of Athena while Telemachus is unable to see her? Explain what it means.
Odysseus can see Athena and Telemachus cannot because "for not to everyone will gods appear". This means that Odysseus has fought hard enough and earned recognition from the gods, or at least is a good enough warrior and has a reputation in Olympus.

How does Athena alter Odysseus' appearance before he reveals himself to Telemachus?
Before Odysseus reveals himself to his son, Athena makes him young again, turning his gray beard brown again and rejuvenating him.
Why does Telemachus take his father for a god?
Telemachus thinks that Odysseus is a god because he has heard of him before and he knows that he left as a young man and should have returned as an old man but he sees he is younger and still claims to be his father.
What does Telemachus first think of Odysseus' plan to kill the suitors?
Odysseus tells his son about his plan to kill the suitors and Telemachus thinks he is crazy. He thinks it is impossible because there are hundreds of suitors and they are only two men.
How many suitors and companions does Telemachus figure he and Odysseus will have to encounter?
Telemachus tells Odysseus about the men from the island and others who have come from other places that want to marry Penelope.

There are hundreds of men with their helpers and armorers prepared to kill Odysseus.

How does Telemachus respond to Odysseus' confidence in the protection of Zeus and Athena?
Odysseus tells Telemachus that Zeus and Athena are on their side. Telemachus acknowledges it but also tells Odysseus that other gods are in favor of the suitors.
List the 6 steps in Odysseus' plan as he outlines it for Telemachus.

Odysseus tells Telemachus his plan for the next day. Both of them will go to the castle. Odysseus will dress up as a beggar, be the distraction. Then Telemachus will go to the armory and take all the weapons. Odysseus gives a reason for Telemachus to tell the men and then warns him one last time not to tell anyone, including Penelope, of his return.

What reason does Odysseus give Telemachus for keeping Odysseus' identity a secret?
Odysseus wants to keep his identity secret to everyone but his son because the suitors want to kill him and he hides his identity to Penelope to find out if she has been cheating on him.
How does Odysseus use Argos as a means of finding out about the situation while he was gone?
Odysseus uses a metaphor to describe how the kingdom has responded to his absence, using the dog as a comparison.
What does Eumaeus believe happened to Odysseus?
Eumaeus thinks that Odysseus is somewhere far away, dead.
Who is Antinous? What is he like?
Antinous is a suitor who wants to marry Penelope. He is rude, not respectful, a drunk, etc.
How does Odysseus react to being attacked by Antinous?
Odysseus is calm when Antinous attacks him but he plays with him by pretending he is a god and cursing him.

What is ironic about Odysseus' curse?
Odysseus's curse is ironic because he talks about his wedding day and how he will die, and he knows this will happen because he is planning to do it.
How do the other suitors react to Antinous' attack on the beggar?
Other suitors tell Antinous that he has to be more careful because the beggar could be a god in disguise and he could get punished for his misbehavior.
On what grounds do the other suitors condemn Antinous? What is ironic about this remark?
When the other suitors tell Antinous about how he has to be careful, it is ironic because Odysseus isn't really a god, but the chair breaks on his shoulder so the suitors think he is powerful.
How does Telemachus act upon seeing his father abused?
When Telemachus sees that his father is being attacked and abused, he obeys his father's orders and doesn't do a thing, even though he feels angry and violent.

Judging from what Penelope says in lines 1106-1124, what kind of person is she? Why does Penelope send her maid to bring the beggar to her?
Penelope is a fair and kind person and she is horrified at how the beggar was treated. She invites the beggar in because he wants to give him food and ask him about Odysseus.
How does the beggar (Odysseus) respond to Penelope's questions about his origins?
The beggar responds to Penelope about his origins, that he will cry and feel depressed if he recounts his life.
In lines 1145-1159, what feelings about being courted does Penelope reveal to Odysseus?
Penelope reveals to the beggar that she does not like the suitors invading the castle and she is loyal to Odysseus and will wait for him.
What ruse did Penelope use to put off having to marry one of her suitors? How long did she use this ruse?
Penelope tricked the suitors for three years by telling them that when she finishes weaving a shroud she will get married.

But she weaves during the day and unweaves it at night.

How did the suitors catch on to Penelope's ruse?
Penelope's ruse is caught because the maids in the castle are gossiping about it because they saw her, and one of the suitors heard.
How does the beggar convince Penelope that he has seen Odysseus?
The beggar convinces Penelope that he has seen Odysseus by describing his clothes perfectly.
What promise does the beggar make to Penelope?
The beggar promises Penelope that before the next crescent moon, Odysseus will return to Ithaca.

Why is the stringing of the bow seen by Penelope as an appropriate challenge?
Penelope thinks that the bow is fair and a good challenge because Odysseus could do it and she thinks that the strongest man will be able to do it.
How does the tone of the hall change after Odysseus strings the bow, and what divine sign adds to this mood of quiet awe?
After Odysseus completes the challenge, everybody is silent because they never thought a beggar could be that strong and skilled. Zeus makes a thunder roar to add to the intensity of the moment.
Why is Antinous the first suitor killed?
Antinous is the first suitor killed by an arrow, because he is the one that said he would marry Penelope and was bothering Odysseus.

What is Antinous doing when Odysseus kills him?
When Antinous is drinking from his cup of wine, Odysseus shoots the arrow at his uncovered neck and kills him.
How does Eurymachus account for the suitors' behavior and what offer does he make to Odysseus?
Eurymachus tells Odysseus that Antinous was the only one that wanted Penelope and that the rest just followed him and went with it. He then tries to negotiate with Odysseus, offering him many things in exchange for their lives.
Which characters fight on Odysseus' side in the battle against the suitors?
Odysseus fights the suitors with Telemachus, and two other faithful servants.

To what does the speaker compare the fallen dead whom Odysseus has killed in lines 1376 - 1380?
When Odysseus kills all the suitors, Homer compares the battle grounds and events to when you fish with a net and bring the fish out of saltwater, hopeless.
Why does Odysseus accuse Penelope of being hardhearted?
After the battle, Penelope tells Odysseus that he can sleep on the bed outside their room. Odysseus thinks she is hardhearted because they had slept in that bed together 20 years ago.
What convinces Penelope that the stranger is Odysseus?
Odysseus tells Penelope the story of their bed, how nobody had seen it, how he carved it and moved it into the room, etc. This convinces Penelope that Odysseus is who he claims he is.

What happens when Odysseus and his family go to Laertes' country estate the day after the battle?
When Odysseus and Penelope go to Laertes' country estate the next day, the angry relatives of the suitors come to fight, but Athena tells them to make peace, not war. The people understand and obey her and so the story ends.