Summary 2 (after French Revolution)

became king in 1774 after the death of Louis XV and after almost a century of Enlightened thought, reinstated Parlement of Paris, royal struggle with aristocracy and resulted in French Revolution, married to Marie Antoinette

the biggest tax, a property tax but not paid by 1st and 2nd Estates

forced labor several days per year for nobles, tax the 3rd estate was responsible for

salt tax paid to the government

french government divided into three Estates

consisted of members of the clergy (roughly 1% of the population)

consisted of members of the nobility (nobles of the robe and nobles of the sword, roughly 2% of population)

consisted of the rest of the population

middle class, members of the upper middle class who resented the privileges enjoyed by the 1st and 2nd Estates

French noble councils that regulated the legislation of the king, law courts that had the power to raise taxes

wife of Louis XVI, sister of Joseph II and daughter of Maria Theresa of Austria

Controller- General of Finances, an enlightened Swiss banker, was fired and then rehired, King Louis XVI famous economic advisor

replaced Necker, suggested the remedy is to get the 1st and 2nd Estates to pay more taxes. called Assembly of Notables for new tax base, forced to call Estates-General

A group of nobles and aristocrats invited by the king of France to discuss reform of the government, said they didn't have the authority to decide whether or not to revise the tax system

wrote What is the Third Estate? (everything!) in a call for more political representation for the 3rd Estate

written by Abbé Sieyès in 1789

a list of grievances king Louis XVI ordered the three estates to draw up

historical document that gave the king the power to imprison anyone without trial

Estates General with 1200 members assembled at Versailles, it was the first meeting since 1614, voting was to be done by estate not by individuals

Sieyès proposed that the Third Estate be called the ____________________ to reflect their legitimate sovereignty

On June 20th, members of the 3rd estate were locked our of their meeting hall and they moved to an indoor tennis court and swore not to disband until they had written a new constitution

Constituent Assembly, French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change.

It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789. (p. 585)

the ancient fortress and symbol of the monarchy, was stormed by a mob of Parisians on July 14, 1789 looking for gunpowder

wrote Reflections on the Revolution in France, in which he criticized the Revolution as undermining the "natural order" of things by overthrowing the monarchy

written by Edmund Burke, criticizing the Revolution as undermining the "natural order" of things by overthrowing the monarchy

wrote The Rights of Man, which defended the Revolution

book written by Thomas Paine defending the Revolution

british acts allowing those who advocated reform to be arrested and suspending habeas corpus

A wave of senseless panic that spread through the French countryside after the storming of the Bastille in 1789, many peasants attacked the houses of the landowners

a historical document approved by the National Assembly that was a product of the Enlightenment. stated "men are born free and equal in rights" and guaranteed the natural rights as well as freedom of speech, press, assembly, and freedom from arbitrary arrest and imprisonment

"men are born free and equal in rights"

a large group of women marched to Versailles on October 5, 1789 and escorted the king and the royal family to THIS palace in Paris

quote people sang on the way back to Paris, a reference to the fact the king is responsible for providing the people with bread

French nobility who fled country to escape the Revolution

King Louis XVI's brother, where émigrés sought refuge in neighboring countries

Louis XVI was referred to as this instead of the King of France

paper money, which was backed by the value of the Church land, paper currency used during the early parts of the Revolution

The Assembly issued this creating a national church, led to increasing counter-revolutionary activity, priests had to swear an oath of loyalty to the revolution

priests who refused to take the oath of the Civil Constitution

formally abolished absolute rule and created a constitutional monarchy; all 3 estates have equal power in government, National Assembly becomes Legislative Assembly

(men paying at least 3 days' wages in taxes) and could vote

citizens who could not vote

political activists that criticized the new policies as a continuation of the Old Regime

Where Louis XVI was caught while trying to flee France

the royal family were taken back to Paris and imprisoned in the Tuileries Palace, end of French monarchy

issued the Declaration of Pilnitz, which stated they both would like to see the monarchy restored

issued by Leopold of Austria and Frederick William II of Prussia, stating that they both would like to see the monarchy restored

Radical republicans during the French Revolution, led by Danton, Marat, and Robespierre that abandoned the idea of a constitutional monarchy

leaders of the Jacobins

demanded equal rights for women in her The Rights of Woman, told the assembly that women should have access to education, be able to own property within the marraige, and be able to initiate divorce proceeding

The idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate "civic virtue" in their children

book Olympe de Gouges wrote

wrote Vindication of the Rights of Woman

book written by Mary Wollstonecraft

replaced the Constituent Assembly / National Assembly; took away most of king's power, established by the Constitution of 1791

song written by Rouget de Lisle and became the anthem of the Revolution

wrote "The Marseillaise"

People who supported the Monarchy during the French Revolution

sat on the left of the Legislative Assembly and wanted to establish a republic

Delegates in the National Convention who favored a republic but feared domination by Paris, were more conservative

issued in July 1792 by Austria and Prussia stating that France would be punished if the royal family were harmed

Radical and socialists attempt to govern Paris away from France, was established on August 9

stormed the Tuileries Palace looking for the royal family and killed 600 members of the king's Swiss Guards

Paris Commune killed people in prisoners for no apparent reasons other than the fact they believed they were counterrevolutionaries

moderates, wanted to spread the revolution and wanted to decentralize the power, included Olympe de Gouges

started moderate but became extreme, wanted centralized power, included Robespierre, Danton, and Marat

Paris was controlled by them, radical group of Parisian wage-earners, "without breeches"

sans-culottes

Place de la Concorde, where Louis XVI was beheaded on January 21, 1793

the motto of the Revolution

started in March 1793, western France did not agree with the principles of the Revolution

Law that obligated all French men between certain ages to enlist in the army, created to fight against anti-revolutionary movements

supporters of the Counter Revolution

leading figure of the French Revolution, initiated special courts to prosecute those deemed traitors to the Revolution

led to the break between the Girondins and Jacobins, This was the group that carried out the Reign of Terror

enraged, and demanded that bakers be prosecuted for over-pricing their bread

established by the Convention in September 1793 to set a maximum price for grain

a royalist who stabbed Marat, leaving Robespierre in charged

nicknamed "the incorruptible"

deprived those waiting trial of any remaining rights, September 17, 1793

The Jacobins introduced a new secular calendar in October 1793

day one, year one in the Jacobin calendar

new name for the Cathedral of Notre Dame during the Radical Phase of the Revolution

a cult religion based on deism devised by Maximilien Robespierre, intended to become the state religion after the French Revolution

Thermidorian Reaction

Established after the Reign of Terror / National Convention; a five man group as the executive branch of the country, Moderate Jacobins supported this new government

aimed at replacing the Republic of Virtue and removing the restraints put in place during the Revolution

heir to the Throne after the son of the king died in prison, Louis XIV's brother

was called in by the directors when the people of Paris threatened trouble

The way in which Napoleon Bonaparte silenced a royalist uprising in 1795

plotted to overthrow the Directory and create a Conspiracy of Equals

1796 plot led by Gracchus Babeuf which called for a return to many ideals of the Revolution and an overthrow of the Directory

became a director in 1799, believed in the need for strong executive

Russains, British, and Austrian, Russian, Austrian, Ottoman and British alliance against Napoleon's threat

Napoleon was victorious over the Ottomans

Napoleon was soundly defeated by Admiral Horatio Nelson

Napoleon took control of Paris (the 18th Brumaire)

was a child of the Englightenment and saw himself as the person responsible for the spread of the revolutionary ideals of "liberty, equality, and fraternity"

NAPOLEONIC ERA

Consulat Period

each department appointed a government official who limited the influence of the royalists and those who opposed Napoleon

created by Napoleon to facilitate economic growth and to help French businesses compete with the British

1801

Pope that signed the Concordat in 1801

issued by Napoleon reduced the power of the Church by appointing a minister of religion, paying clerical salaries, and refusing to allow papal bulls to be read in read without his permission

was established by Napoleon to reward those who had served with distinction with title and pensions, looked like a return of the Ancien Regime

The Austrians signed this treaty which gave France much of Italy and control of Belgium

Britain and France signed this in which Britain returned all French colonies in exchange for end to the fighting

head of secret police, brutal during Reign of Terror, spy system where anyone who questioned were detained

suspect/culprit of attempted assassination of Napoleon

was invited by Napoleon to crown him emperor in a ceremony at Notre Dame Cathedral

to codify the French legal system, dealt with every aspect of French law, equality to women and reaffirmed France as a patriarchal state, greatest achievement

The french navy was destroyed by the British navy, which was led by Admiral Nelson

lead the British navy

where Napoleon defeated the Austrians

where Napoleon crushed the Austrians and the Russians

League of German States organized by Napoleon in 1813 after defeating the Austrians at Austerlitz. The league collapsed after Napoleon's defeat in Russia.

where Napoleon defeated the Prussians

where Napoleon defeated the Russians

Tsar Alexander agreed to block European ports to British ships and to support the Continental System

Napoleon's efforts to block foreign trade with England by forbidding Importation of British goods Into Europe.

issued in 1806, prohibited British ships from entering European ports

intended to prevent the British and her allies from trading with France and authorized the Royal navy to blockade French ports

claimed that any ship entering Britain would be subject to seizure

a war between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France

was intended to economically isolate Britain

second time Napoleon defeated the Austrians

king of Spain in 1810

king of Westphalia in 1810

Spain, supported by Britain, waged a guerrilla war against the French

lead the British in the Peninsular War

army of 500,000 men made by Napoleon to beat Alexander I when he refused to obey the Continental System

when the Russians retreated and burned crops and villages, leaving nothing for the invaders

Battle which proved to be a costly draw between Napoleon and the Russians

1813 Napoleon was finally defeated and people began to speak about restoring the Bourbons

would leave Napoleon as a weakened emperor. Suggested by Metternich

British prime minister; subsidized the allies to win support against Napoleon; Treaty of Chaumont, was sent to negotiate with the allies

promising not to disband for 20 years, It provided for the restoration of the Bourbons to the French throne and the contraction of France to its frontiers of 1792. Established the Quadruple Alliance.

the allies exiled Napoleon to the island of Elba

where Napoleon was exiled the first time

the restored Louis XVIII

the borders of France would be the same as 1792

signed by Louis XVIII, granted the people liberties, created a bicameral legislature, and guaranteed equality before the law

The brief period during 1815 when Napoleon made his last bid for power, deposing the French King and again becoming Emperor of France

where the Allies fought against Napoleon one last time, he was eventually defeated when a Prussian army arrived to help Wellington

British general and statesman, defeated Napoleon at Waterloo

where Napoleon was exiled to the second time

Congress was convened by Metternich to redraw the boundaries of France and met for the first time in November 1814

system had been in place for 2 centuries prior to Industrial Revolution

controlled the craftsmen and monitored the quality of the work but in the rural areas there were no restrictions

Merchants would provide the worker with raw material and the workers would then make the final product

new resources were introduced to Europe and developed this

Causes of the Industrial Revolution in England

the first industry to industrialize

invented the flying shuttle DATE

invented by John Kay DATE

designed the spinning jenny

invented the water frame

combined the spinning jenny and the water frame to create the spinning mule, which allowed the spinner to create different types of threads

invented the power loom, opened a factory with the power looms powered by steam engines

invented the cotton gin, which made cotton production far more profitable

invented the first steam engine designed to pump water out of the mines

invented a more successful steam pump

redesigned the Newcomen engine to create the first efficient steam engine

creator of the modern road, used coal tar to bind small stones to create a smooth and durable surface

built the Clermont, the commercially successful steamship

invented the first successful steam locomotive- the Rocket, which was able to travel in excess of 20 m.p.h.