____ one of the reasons that people resist cultural change is
D. A, B, & C
A system of beliefs or ideas that justifies the social, moral, religious, political, or economic interests held by a group or by society is
C. an ideology
____ is the knowledge and tools that people use to manipulate their environment.
B. Technology
The process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual's personality, thus conditioning that individual to conform to society's expectations.
Internalization
A punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce conformity.
Negative sanction
Enforcement of norms or shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific situations.
Social control
Self-fulfillment is associated with the development of one's health and leisure habits.
True
___________ promotes the recognition of ideologies.
B. Social movement
A disability is an example of a social identity that shapes a person's life.
True
What is a role set?
Sociologists call the different roles attached to a single status a role set. Each of us, because we hold more than one status, must deal with many role sets in our daily lives.
Not based on accomplishments or abilities.
Ascribed Status
What is a role expectation?
Ideally, when people interact with one another their behavior corresponds to the particular roles they are playing. The socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a role are called role expectations. For example, doctors are expected to treat their patients with skill and care.
Acquired through one's efforts or special skills.
Achieved status
Mix of multiple roles.
Role set
What is a master status?
All individuals hold many statuses. For most people, one status tends to take rank above all others. This status plays the greatest role in shaping a person's life and determining his or her social identity. This status is called a master status.
Sociologists call the different roles attached to a single status a(n
c. Role set
Defines the patterns of interactions between related statuses.
Reciprocal Roles
What are reciprocal roles?
Most of the roles you perform have reciprocal roles. Reciprocal roles are corresponding roles that define the patterns of interaction between related statuses. For example, one cannot fulfill the role associated with the status of husband without having someone else perform the role that goes along with the status of wife.
The socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a role are called role performances.
False
Social structure provides a society with temporary traits
False
Statuses and their related roles determine the structure of the various groups in society. When these statuses and roles are organized to satisfy one or more of the basic needs of society, the group is called a(n)
B. Social Institution
The socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a role are called
D. Role expectations
Ascribed statuses are not based on an individual's abilities, efforts, or accomplishments.
True
The behavior expected of someone occupying a particular status.
Role
Occurs when a person has difficulty meeting the role expectations of a single status.
Role strain
Role conflict occurs when fulfilling the role expectations of one status makes it difficult to fulfill the role expectations of another status.
True
One status tends to take rank above all others. This status that plays the greatest role in shaping a person's life and determining his or her social identity is called a(n)
C. Master status
A socially defined position in a group or in society.
Status
State of balance b/w conflict and cooperation. Give a little, you take a little. four types include compromise, truce, mediation, and arbitration
Accommodation
Society that places emphasis on the roles of science and education.
Postindustrial society
Impersonal relationships are due to job specialization.
Organic solidarity
All of the following are examples of preindustrial societies except
C. horticultural.
All of the following are types of societies except
B. Economic
In a preindustrial society much of the economy is involved in providing information and services.
False
Society that lives a nomadic life and relies on domesticated animals.
Pastoral society
The exchange of one good for another.
Barter
The concentration of the population in cities is referred to as urbanization.
True
Mechanical solidarity is
D. what sociologist Émile Durkheim suggests holds preindustrial societies together.
Urbanization is
D. the concentration of the population in cities.
a set of two or more people who interact on the basis of shared expectations and who possess some degree of common identity.
Group
are ways in which a society uses technology to provide for the needs of its members
Subsistence Strategies
types of societies characterized by the daily collection of wild plants and the hunting of wild animals as the main form of subsistence.
Hunting and gathering societies
refers to specialization by individuals or groups in the performance of specific economic activities.
Division of Labor
the practice of exchanging one good for another.
Barter
the concentration of the population in cities.
Urbanization
refers to close-knit social relationships common in preindustrial societies that result when a small group of people share the same values and perform the same tasks.
Mechanical solidarity
refers to impersonal social relationships, common in industrial societies, that arise with increased job specialization.
Organic solidarity
Horticultural societies use animals to accelerate food production.
False
What is the difference between a horticultural society and an agricultural society?
Describe hunting and gathering societies.
In a preindustrial society, food production is the main economic activity. Preindustrial societies can be subdivided according to their level of technology and their method of producing food. Hunting and gathering is one of the subdivisions of the preindustrial society. The main form of food production in hunting and gathering societies is the daily collection of wild plants and the hunting of wild animals. Hunter-gatherers move around constantly in search of food. As a result, they do not build permanent villages or create a wide variety of artifacts. The need for mobility also limits the size of hunting and gathering societies. Such societies generally consist of fewer than 60 people and rarely exceed 100 people. Statuses within the group are relatively equal, and decisions are reached through general agreement. The family forms the main social unit, with most societal members being related by birth or by marriage. This type of organization requires the family to carry out most social functions--including production and education.
What is mechanical solidarity?
It is the sharing of the same values and performance of the same tasks that causes unity and a strong social bond. It is characteristic of simple traditional societies, for example the Amish.
Into what three broad categories do sociologists place societies?
preindustrial, industrial, and postindustrial
Describe the two ideal types of societies based on the structure of social relationships and the degree of shared values among societal members that German sociologist Ferdinand Tonnies distinguished.
He called these two types of societies Gemeinschaft, the German word meaning "community," and Gesellschaft, the German word meaning "society." Gemeinschaft refers to societies in which most members know one another. Relationships in such societies are close, and activities center on the family and the community. In a Gemeinschaft, people share a strong sense of group solidarity. A preindustrial society or a rural village in a more complex society are examples of a Gemeinschaft. In a Gesellschaft most social relationships are based on need rather than on emotion. Thus, relationships in a Gesellschaft are impersonal and often temporary. Traditional values are generally weak in such societies, and individual goals are more important than group goals. A modern urban society such as the United States is a example of a Gesellschaft.
What is a pastoral society?
Pastoralism is a slightly more efficient form of subsistence. Rather than searching for food on a daily basis, members of a pastoral society rely on domesticated herd animals to meet their food needs. Pastoralists live a nomadic life, moving their herds from pasture to pasture. Because their food supply is far more reliable, pastoral societies can support larger populations.
Pastoral societies are closely linked with postindustrial societies.
False
The main form of food production in ____ is the daily collection of wild plants and the hunting of wild animals.
a.hunting and gathering societies
Society where emphasis shifts from production of food to production of manufactured goods.
Industrial society
A ____ is the way society uses technology to provide for the needs of its members.
D. Subsistence strategies
Society that places emphasis on the roles of science and education.
Postindustrial society
When people gather in the same place at the same time but lack organization or lasting patterns of interaction, they form a(n)
B.aggregate
A place where people interact with one another regularly on the Internet.
E-community
A three-person group.
Triad
The out-group is the web of relationships that is formed by the sum total of a person's interactions with other people.
False
A small group of people who interact over a relatively long period of time on a direct and personal basis.
Primary group
A ____ is simply a means of classifying people according to a shared trait or a common status.
B. Social category
Groups have a common identity but not shared expectations.
False
Social networks have clear boundaries.
False
People who influence the attitudes and opinions of others are said to be
B.leaders
Large secondary group formed to achieve specific goals.
Formal organization
A typically nonprofit organization which is formed to pursue some common interest is a
B. Voluntary association
A voluntary association is typically a nonprofit organization formed to pursue some common interest.
True
The tendency of organizations to become increasingly dominated by small groups of people.
Iron law of oligarchy
An example of a weakness in bureaucracies.
Red tape
In a bureaucracy, what is employment typically based on?
D. Specific qualifications
Is dominance by small groups seen as a strength or weakness of a bureaucracy?
B. Weakness
The specialization by individuals or groups in the performance of specific economic activities is
A. Division of labor
Which of the following does the statement, "People are promoted into positions they are not qualified to perform" relate to ?
B. The peter principle
According to the Peter Principle, in a hierarchy no one ever rises to their level of incompetence.
False
ranked authority structure that operates according to specific rules and procedures.
bureaucracy
What is the Peter Principle?
Professor Laurence J. Peter, in his book The Peter Principle, suggested that employees in a bureaucracy often are promoted to positions for which they may have little ability. Bureaucracies are able to function, he added, only because not all officials have been promoted to their "level of incompetence" or promoted beyond their capabilities.
What is division of labor?
refers to the range of tasks within social system. This can vary from everyone doing the same thing to each person having a specialized role.
What is the iron law of oligarchy?
states that all forms for organization regardless of how democratic they may be at the start, will eventually and inevitably develop oligarchic tendencies, thus making tru democracy practically and theoretically impossible.
A complaint about bureaucracies is the ________ often involved in dealing with them.
C. Red tape
What are the characteristics of bureaucracies according to sociologist Max Weber's theoretical model?
division of labor, ranking of authority, employment based on formal qualifications, rules and regulations, and specific lines of promotion and advancement
Today we use the word bureaucracy to refer to any organization that has many departments.
True
The German sociologist Max Weber developed a model of bureaucracy that is rarely used by sociologists today.
False
What are some of the weaknesses in bureaucracies?
Loss of original goals and purpose; encouragement of a "bureaucratic" personality; "red tape"; iron law of oligarchy; dominance by small groups; "few rule the many"
What is corporate life like in Japan?
Emphasis is on formal structures with strict dress codes and business manners. One must follow the rules without questioning them.
Conflict is
a.
the deliberate attempt to control a person by force, to oppose someone, or to harm another person.
Group without clear boundaries or common identity.
social network
Competition occurs when two or more people or groups work together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than one person.
False
Theory that holds that people are motivated by self-interests in their interactions with other people
Exchange Theory
According to the information presented in the lecture, what can be said about personality?
It is the behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and values of a person.
It can develop throughout a person's life.
It affects how a person reacts and adjusts in his or her environment.
D.all of the above
Sociologists found that the effects of institutionalization on infants, i.e. lack of a caring environment, will result in slower development of their mental, physical, and emotional skills.
True
Personality may be influenced by:
Birth order and characteristics of the parents
Culture effects personality traits through:
competitiveness, individualism, and assertiveness.
D. all of the above
Aptitudes can be discouraged with
b.negative reinforcement.
Principal factors that social scientist see influencing personality and behavior are:
a.heredity, birth order, parents, and the cultural environment
Cultural environments determine the basic types of personalities that will be found in a society.
True
An aptitude is
Instinct is a changing, biologically inherited behavior pattern.
False
Our personalities are not influenced by whether or not we have brothers, sisters, both, or neither
False
A peer group is not very influential.
False
Total institutions are primarily concerned with resocializing their members to help them learn new values and norms.
True
Which of the following is an agent of socialization?
Tv, a grandparent, school
D. all of the above.
In the United States, the primary agents of socialization include
A family and peer groups, the school, and mass media.
d.all of the above
Schools play a major role in socialization with an unintended influence.
False
A peer group is a _______ group composed of equal age individuals with similar characteristics
A. Primary
Ethics are deliberately learned from the family.
True
One purpose of fairy tales is to help children master the problems associated with growing up.
True
Resocialization is directed toward changing an individual's personality and social behavior.
True
Schools provide _______ socialization through teacher modeling of behavior.
D. Unintentional
