Rhetoric 1

systematic study and intentional practice of effective symbolic expression

PARRSAplanned, adapted to an audience, reveals motives, responsive, seeks persuasion, addresses contingent issues

TADDSBtests ideas, assists advocacy, distributes power, discovers facts, shapes/builds knowledge, builds community

PTEASpower, truth, ethics, audience, society

Syracuse, legal disputes, court system, Corax

politics, religion, courts, assembly, taxes

foreigners, teachers and practitioners of rhetoric, challenged assumptions

virtue, human excellence, natural leadership ability

the method of investigating philosophical issues by the give and take of argument;a method of teaching that involved training students to argue either side of a case

premises that were widely believed; probably premises from which dialectic began

contradictory arguments

truth depending upon timing, situation, circumstances, decorum, audience; rhetoric's search for relative truth rather than absolute certainty

raise doubt, critique, question, analyze, imagine alternatives; placing a claim in doubt by developing arguments on both sides of the issue

words have power, social custom or convention, rule by agreement among the citizens

foreigner (sophist), artful language; sensuous speech, the power of sound; rhythm, rhyme, figures of speech; "Encomium of Helen"

Athenian, official 1st school of rhetoric; rhetoric to unite city states towards common good; "Against the Sophists"

only female rhetorician, may have written Pericles' "Funeral Oration"

students of Aspasia

aristocrat, philosopher, The Academy, student of Socrates

sophistic rhetoric aims at persuasion about justice via manipulation of the audience

the public is left thinking they've learned the truth about justice when only their beliefs about justice have been manipulated; to know justice is to love justice

Gorgias' student, wants power; represents the many Athenians infatuated with the Sophists' teaching who viewed rhetoric as a path to fame and wealth

true arts: generate knowledge; pursue the goodfalse arts: imitate true arts

gym and medicine; legislation and justice

makeup and cookery; sophistic and rhetoric sophistic: the making of long speeches in the legislature to influence legislation to benefit oneself or one's constituentsrhetoric: rhetoric as practiced by the Sophists is not concerned to lead the soul to good, but to mislead

hedonists; trapped and controlled by his desires

Sophistic rhetoric deceives audiences into thinking they are dealing with truth when they are dabbling in opinions(that they were rendering justice when they are committing injustice, and they are completely healthy when they are desperately sick)

soul in 3: wisdom-loving charioteer, horse of honor and nobility, horse of desire and appetitesoul must balance spirit and appetite with reasonwhen the horses are properly controlled, the soul enjoys peace and happiness

method of investigating debatable issues; dialogic structure, work together to state questions, define terms, arrive at new thesis TOGETHER

art of winning souls to truth via discoursedialectic comes firstpsychagogia: leading souls to the good, truthNOT sophistry, which manipulates probabilities and panders to audience

action, monologic, "art of enchanting souls" just one speaker

image, monologic, can't answer, very far removed from truth; can be taken out of context

foreigner, Plato's student, the Lyceum, wrote many books, "Rhetoric"

rhetoric is the counterpart of dialecticrhetoric is the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion

ensures that true and just ideas prevail, tests ideas, defense for self and society

subject matters = available means of persuasion artistic proofs: logos, pathos, ethos

sound argumentation, logical reasoning

a deductive argument moving from a general premise, through a specific application of that premise, to a specific and necessary conclusion

a rhetoric syllogism or a rhetorical argument based on a premise shared by speaker and audience; deductive argument on contingent issues generating probable conclusion (syllogistic);depends on pre-existing shared premises

psychology of emotion;putting the audience in the right frame of mind;emotional appeals that affect judgment

sociology of good character; potentially the most persuasive3 components: intelligence (credibility), virtue, goodwill towards audience and or the good

policies, action oriented for the future

ceremonies, praise and blame; social topics: virtue and vice

courtroom, past facts, evidence supporting hypothesis

lines of argument that can apply to any case , 28 (ex: key terms, division of possibilities, opposites)

clear, natural, appropriate to the occasion, speak the language of the people