quizes 1-5,14

Public speaking requires more formal language than everyday conversation

When you adjust to the situation of a public speech you are doing on a larger scale what you do everyday in conversation

Many of the symptoms of stage fright are due to adrenaline

Organizing ideas for presentation in a speech is an important aspect of critical thinking

A speakers frame of reference and a listener's frame of reference will never be exactly the same

Most public speaking involves two-way communication

Interference is anything that impedes the communication of a message

Interference can come from either inside or outside your audience

Although language changes from culture to culture, the meaning of nonverbal signals is consistent across cultures

Ethnocentrism is an advantage to public speakers who seek to understand the values, beliefs, and customs of audiences from different cultures

Ethical issues can arise at every stage of the speechmaking process

As the Roman rhetorician Quintilian noted 2,000 years ago, the ideal of speechingmaking is to persuade the audience by any means necessary

The ethical obligation of a speaker to avoid name-calling and other forms of abusive language is essentially a matter of political correctness

Taking someone's entire speech and passing it off as your own is a form of unethical behavior called global plagiarism

If a web page is not copyright protected, then it is ethical to cut and paste sections of the page into your speech without citing your source

When citing an internet document in a speech, it is usually sufficient to introduce it by saing, "As I found on the Web"

Just as public speakers have ethical responsibilities, so too do the people who listen to a speech

All statements made by a public speaker are protected under the free speech clause of the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution

It is possible to disagree entirely with a speaker's ideas but still support the speaker's right to express those ideas

No matter how well intentioned they may be, efforts to protect society by restricting free speech usually end up repressing minority viewpoints and unpopular opinions

People need effective listening skills in almost all occupations

The aim of active listening is to set aside one's own frame of reference and, as far as possible, to listen form within the speaker's frame of reference

Appreciate listening is closely tied to critical thinking

Listening to understand a classroom lecture is an example of appreciative listening

You can improve your own speeches by listening carefully to the speeches of other people

Critical listening involves listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting it or rejecting it

Usually it is easy to block out physical and mental distractions when listening to a speaker

Jumping to conclusions can be a barrier to effective listening even a speaker and a listener know each other very well

Reviewing mentally what a speaker has said is a good way to avoid becoming distracted in a speech

Taking notes on a speaker's key points and supporting material will help improve your listening ability and retention

After choosing a topic, the next step in speech preparation is determining your central idea

Once you choose the central idea of your speech, the next step is to formulate your general purpose

Most often, a speaker's general purpose will fall into one of two categories - to inform or to demonstrate

The difference between informing and persuading is like the difference between explaining and entertaining

When your general purpose is to persuade, you act as a teacher or lecturer

The specific purpose of a speech usually "sums up" the main points to be developed in the body of the speech

Conducting regular car maintenance is an example of an effective specific purpose statement for a speech

The specific purpose statement should usually be phrased as a question

The central idea of a speech often emerges after you have done your research and have decided on the main points of the speech

"to persuade my audience that the federal government should institute a national sales tax to help pay for social programs" is an example of an effective central idea for a speech

The aim of successful speechmaking is to gain a desired response from listeners by any means necessary

Adapting to audiences is one of the easiest tasks facing beginning speakers

Audience analysis and adaptation affect all aspects of speechmaking except for the delivery of the speech itself

Even when listeners pay close attention, they don't process a speaker's message exactly as the speaker intended

Every speech contains two messages - the one sent by the speaker and the one received by the listener

Ethnocentrism means that audiences typically approach speeches by asking, "why is this important to me"

Identification refers to the process by which speakers seek to create a bond with audiences by emphasizing common values, goals, and experiences

Any characteristic of a given audience is potentially important to a speaker analyzing that audience

Gender, sexual orientation, age, race, ethnicity, and group membership are all factors to consider when conducting a demographic analysis

Because men and women in the US share a much broader range of experiences than they once did, gender is no longer a significant factor in demographic audience analysis

There are four kinds of informative speeches - speeches about objects, concepts, processes, and events

A lawyer urging a jury to acquit her client is an example of informative speaking

Informative speeches about processes are usually arranged in chronological order

"to inform my audience about theories of reincarnation" is a specific purpose for an informative about an object

Informative speeches about concepts are usually arranged in spatial order

A summary is seldom necessary in the conclusion of an informative speech

When giving an informative speech, you should think about ways to relate your topic to the audience in the body of the speech as well as in the introduction

Abstractions are especially helpful for clarifying ideas in informative speeches

Using description as a way to personalize ideas in an informative speech is recommended

Whenever possible, you should try to enliven your informative speeches by expressing ideas in personal terms