PSY 101 Learning

According to behaviorists, ____ is any relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior

Psychologists who believe that learning involves experiences that changes the

Cognitive psychologists define learning as a ____

The reason fish and tadpoles are born able to swim

Complex human learning is largely a result of ____.

The reason we are more likely to stop at a red light than at a green light is because

A students preference for a grade of "A" rather than a "F" is most likely the result of

Ivan Pavlov is best known for his research in

Ivan Pavlov was originally attempting to identify ____.

While attempting to identify neural receptors that trigger salivary glands, Ivan Pavlov did

Ivan Pavlov provided evidence that reflexes can be learned through

The reasons that Ivan Pavlov's dogs began salivating in response to an assistant entering

Pavlov referred to learned salivation as a ____. Today it is better known as a(n) ____.

A trained salivary response was called the ____ by Pavlov.

According to the ____ perspective, an organism learns the association between two stimuli

How do behaviorists explain Pavlov's classical conditioning results?

From the ____ perspective, the dog in Pavlov's experiments salivated in response to the bell

The cognitive psychology view of classical conditioning states that

In regard to Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments,

he behavioral view of classical conditioning focuses on simple ____ of stimuli

In Pavlov's original experiments, the bell was at first a ____ stimulus.

A dog can be trained to salivate when a bell is sounded by

In Pavlov's experiments, meat powder elicited salivation. Salivation in this case was the

Your dog starts to salivate when you use the electric can opener to open his can of dog food

During Pavlov's classic experiments, after conditioning, the bell was the ____

With Pavlov's classic work, before conditioning occurred, ____ was the UR, and ____ was the US.

A conditioned response is a(n)

You walk past Pizza Hut and salivate in response to the aroma of freshly baked pizzas. This is

Johnny is tormented in the schoolyard every day by a bully with bright red frizzy hair.

You are walking along and suddenly startled by the loud sound of a truck backfiring

While sitting in her Jeep at a red traffic light, Lauren heard a loud screech

____ usually takes only one trial to condition successfully.

While on vacation, twelve years ago, Benjamin became extremely ill when he ate some shrimp

Taste aversions are fascinating examples of

To control the rat population in urban settings, the health department scatters bags of corn and

Taste aversions differ from other instances of classical conditioning because

Taste aversion poses a problem for strict behaviorists because

One way that taste aversion is different from other examples of classical conditioning is that

Unlike other forms of conditioning, taste aversion is powerful and rapidly acquired, suggesting that

The results of a study of taste aversion, rats were conditioned with sweetened water, light, and

Continued presentation of the CS in the absence of the US will result in

Alex, your dog, has just been switched from dry dog food to canned dog food.

Mimi, your cat, comes running into the kitchen every time you use the electric can opener.

According to the ____ perspective, extinction changes a person's mental representation of

During Pavlov's classic experiments, he would pair a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned

The term extinction can be a bit misleading because

Why would the term extinction be a possible misnomer?

Pavlov's dogs experienced extinction trials, however a few days later, Pavlov sounded the

Because of the phenomenon of spontaneous recovery, psychologists believe that

____ is the tendency for a conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to

Your little brother learned that a cow says "moo moo"

When a young child sees a cow and calls it "doggie," this is an example of

____ is the tendency for an organism to distinguish between a CS and similar stimuli

A baby cries in response to faces of strangers but smiles when he sees his mother's face. This is

Your dog barks and growls to the sound of a stranger's car engine pulling into your driveway

Your front doorbell has a higher pitch than your back doorbell

Both generalization and discrimination are

Your child fears going to the doctor because on her last visit she received a painful treatment.

After the bell became an effective CS, Pavlov then paired it with a light

As a young child, the white coat of your pediatrician elicited a fear response in you

The most thrilling part of a rollercoaster ride is the speed of the rapid descent

Many fear responses are acquired through the process of ____ conditioning.

Pairing a pleasant stimulus with a fear-evoking object or situation describes

Your mother has a fear of cats. The psychologist repeatedly pairs her love for classical music with

Your dog is upset and agitated around your new cat

Watson conditioned fear in Little Albert by presenting a white rat with

Little Albert's experienced generalization of his fear to a

After being conditioned to fear a white rat, Little Albert cried in the presence of other furry objects such as a

he two behavior-therapy methods of flooding and systematic desensitization are based on the principle of

A child who is afraid of the water is tossed into a swimming pool to teach him how to swim is an example of

You are absolutely terrified of dogs

To reduce Patty's fear of horses, a behavior therapist took her immediately to the nearby horse farm

Peter has a phobia for dogs. The behavior therapist has him relax and just think about dogs

To reduce Mary Ann's fear of birds, a behavior therapist had her relax and think of a bird

Behavior therapists prefer systematic desensitization over flooding as a behavior therapy to reduce fears because

The major difference between counterconditioning and flooding is that counterconditioning

In ____ conditioning the focus is on how organisms form anticipations about the environment

Pavlov is to Skinner as

Stimuli that increase the frequency of behavior are referred to as

During World War II, B. F. Skinner was to head-up "Project Pigeon," where

An involuntary response is to classical conditioning as a voluntary response is to ____.

In operant conditioning an organism learns to respond because

Which of the following best illustrates operant conditioning according to Skinner?

A Skinnerian therapist treating a patient with depression would focus on

The psychologist who used the operant chamber for efficiently testing operant methodology is

In operant conditioning the manner in which the first reinforced response is made can

Which of the following is not an example of a reinforced behavior?

The two types of reinforcers distinguished by Skinner are

When a behavior is followed by negative reinforcement, the behavior is likely to

Any stimulus that, when presented, increases the likelihood that a behavior will continue is called a(n)

Any stimulus that, when removed, increases the likelihood that a behavior will continue is called a(n)

Because you set your alarm every night, you always get to work on time

Amy always comes home on time when she's out with her friends and never violates the curfew set by her parents. This behavior is strengthened by a

Which of the following statements about immediate versus delayed reinforcement is correct?

Reinforcers can be

Food, water, and warmth are examples of ____ reinforcers.

Money is a secondary reinforcer because it

Since secondary reinforcers are associated with established reinforcers, they are sometimes called

Which of the following best describes giving a dog food after rolling over?

Working hard to avoid the loss of your paycheck next week is an example of a

Extinction in operant conditioning involves

Positive reinforcement is to increasing behavior as ____ is to decreasing behavior

Spontaneous recovery describes the event in which an organism performs

Spontaneous recovery of extinguished responses in operant conditioning supports the notion that the

____ work to increase the likelihood that a behavior will be strengthened

The term reinforcement was preferred over the term reward because

B. F. Skinner arrived at a number of reinforcers ____

Punishment is an aversive event that ____ the frequency of the behavior it follows.

Exposure to physical punishment in childhood has been associated with the all of following behavior patterns EXCEPT

Avoidance of punishment is supported by the following:

A problem with the research on parental punishment and childhood aggression is

The time-out procedure attempts to avoid the possibility of ____ a child's misbehavior.

To reward or positively reinforce children which of the following needs to be followed?

The text gives an example of a pigeon getting rewarded for

A stimulus that indicates reinforcement is available is called a ____ stimulus.

We stop at a red traffic light and go when it is green because individually, both lights serve as

In the movie Jurassic Park, the tyrannosaurus rex would respond to moving stimuli and

Which of the following illustrates continuous reinforcement?

When you are beginning to train your dog to "sit," it is most effective to put him on

fter your dog has learned to consistently come to you on command, it is wise to put her on ____

All of the following are examples of reinforcement schedules except

A fixed interval schedule is best described as providing reinforcement after

A car dealer's summer and fall incentive programs are an example of a

Professor Fournier gives a quiz every Monday. His students would then tend to ____

A variable interval schedule is best described as providing reinforcement after

A teacher announces that there will be pop quizzes throughout the semester. This is an

A fixed ratio schedule is best described as providing reinforcement after

A variable ratio schedule is best described as providing reinforcement after

A slot machine is an example of a

You are paid $29 for every five doghouses that you paint. This is an example of

Individuals who buy lottery tickets on a regular basis are usually on a ____

Operant conditioning has been used to remotely guide rats through mazes by

Reinforcing successive steps towards a behavioral goal is called

Breaking complex behaviors down into smaller steps, and reinforcing those steps sequentially as

Encouraging the members of a dance class at the completion of each individual step best describes

The most effective method for teaching complex behaviors is

To efficiently train a rat to press a lever, you should reward

When we train a rat to press a lever using shaping, we reinforce all those behaviors for

Carl and "his amazing canines" are an act in the circus

To train a young child to eat with a spoon, you should reinforce small steps until she gets

The most efficient way to train your dog to "sit" would be

All of following demonstrate how operant conditioning influences the behavior of

People and lower animals have learned to control autonomic responses in

When individuals receive biofeedback training to, say, lower their blood pressure, reinforcement is

____ is used with people who have lost neuromuscular control of parts of their body

If parents ignore children's desirable behavior ____ is likely to occur

Adults frequently reinforce undesirable behavior in children by ____ them

Placing a disruptive child in time out where the child is in a restrictive environment and

Operant conditioning can be effective in which of the following circumstances

Programmed learning was developed by

B. F. Skinner designed an educational practice based on

All of the following apply to programmed learning except

Cognitive psychologist describe and explain behavior using concepts such as

A rat that was allowed to roam freely in a maze without reinforcement,

Tolman showed that rats can learn about their environment without reinforcemen

E. C. Tolman's work on latent learning demonstrated that

The significance of Tolman's research on latent learning was that

The contingency theory for classical conditioning was proposed by

The contingency theory suggests that the learning in classical conditioning occurs

ccording to contingency theory, a randomly presented conditioned stimulus and

Rescorla's research on contingency theory supports a cognitive perspective in

Results of research on latent learning and observational learning suggest

Bandura's research suggests that we can learn

Learning that is not mechanically acquired through reinforcement

William's dad was a gardener. William often played in the yard

Every day you walk across campus, passing many

According to Bandura a person who engages in a response to be imitated is a

Dana liked to watch her mom prepare dinner when she was a little girl

When a young child saw her older sister receive extra money for helping clean up around the

Which of the following is NOT true regarding media violence in America?

Observational learning research suggests that media violence provides viewers with

According to the text, media violence is said to do all of the following EXCEPT

Media violence could ____

Repeated exposure to TV violence may cause ____

Viewers of media violence are more likely to imitate media violence when

Research shows that playing violent video games is associated with

Research suggests that the effects of exposure to media violence may be influenced by all of the

Research on media violence concludes that

All of the following are family factors that contribute to the likelihood of aggression in

To help a child who watches violent programs act less aggressively one should inform the child that