Civil liberties are protections given to people, opinions, and property as mandated by the U.S. and state constitutions.
Civil liberties are protections given to people, opinions, and property as mandated by?
The U.S. Bill of Rights limits all three branches of government
The U.S. Bill of Rights limits which branch(es) of government?
George W. Bush
Which of the following presidents suspended the writ of habeas corpus, the right protecting an individual in custody from being held without trial?
Relationships between Church and State
The Supreme Court uses the Lemon test primarily to decide on matters related to
Prejudicial and Hostile statements toward another person's innate characteristics such as race and ethnicity
Hate Speech
Standard requiring public officials and public figures in defamation suits to prove that allegedly libelous statements are both false and made malice
Sullivan Rule
written statements that are false and injure another's reputation
Libel
oral statements that are false and injure another's reputation
Slander
current judicial test for obscenity cases that considers community standards even if they are offensive
Miller Test
actions meant to convey a political message
Symbolic Speech
free speech that prohibits speech that could produce a bad outcome, such as violence, no matter how unlikely the possibility the speech could be the cause of such an outcome
Bad Tendency Test
free speech test that only prohibits speech that produces a clear and immediate danger
Clear and present danger test
a practical and nontechnical calculation of probabilities that is the basis for securing search warrants
Probable Cause
judicial barring of illegaly seized evidence from a trial
Exclusionary Rule
warning police must administer to suspects so that the letter will be aware of their not to incriminate themselves
Miranda Rights
A victim in an assault case must testify in if called, and submit to cross examination by the defendant
Confront Witnesses
A suspect has a right to have a lawyer present while being questioned by the police
Legal Counsel
police must obtain a warrant before they can search the house of an individual suspected of dealing drugs
No illegal search and seizure
A state that executes its criminals must do so humanely, in a way that minimizes their suffering
No cruel and unusual punishment
A defendant does not have to testify at his or her own trial
No Self-Incrimination
The Dred Scott v. Sanford decision established that African-American slaves were not citizens.
What was the outcome of the Dred Scott v. Sanford decision?
The Fourteenth Amendment defines citizens as "all persons born or naturalized in the United States" and guarantees the same privileges and immunities for all citizens.
Which amendment defines citizens as "all persons born or naturalized in the United States" and guarantees the same privileges and immunities for all citizens?
The grandfather clause prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote following the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment that established that every man has the right to vote, regardless of color.
Which of the following prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote?
The first successful challenge to the separate but equal doctrine established by the Supreme Court was Brown v. Board of Education.
What was the first successful challenge to the separate but equal doctrine established by the Supreme Court?
Discrimination against citizens of Latin American descent was similar to the discrimination faced by African Americans following Reconstruction.
Discrimination against citizens of Latin American descent was similar to the discrimination faced by
The strict scrutiny test would be used to determine whether a law discriminates against Americans of Italian origin.
Which of the following tests would be used to determine whether a law discriminates against Americans of Italian origin?
1/3
The 1965 Voting Rights Act (VRA) was devised to address the fact that in some southern counties less than ________ of all eligible African Americans were registered to vote.
the summary internment of Japanese Americans was a constitutional measure.
In the case of Korematsu v. United States, the Supreme Court decided that
Native Americans do not enjoy the protection of the Bill of Rights either on or off reservations.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the status of Native Americans' civil rights?
Asian Americans are not well-represented in top positions despite high education levels.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the status of Asian Americans' civil rights?
Interest groups, court appeals, and grassroots actions like civil disobedience were used to press the government to pass civil rights legislation in the second half of the twentieth century.
Which of the following tactics were used to press the government to pass civil rights legislation in the second half of the twentieth century?
Women are not a minority
Women's struggle for equality differs from other civil rights struggles primarily because
being in a precarious state, dwindling citizen involvement in the life of their communities, voter turnout well below that of other advanced democracies, record-low levels of trust between citizens and elected national leaders
Major characteristics of citizenship today include
Direct Democracy
Political decision making extended to the entire citizenry is called
Arnold Schwarzenegger of California
Which of the following became governor as the result of a special recall election?
The generation of Americans that is just coming of voting age is less optimistic about their own future and the future
of the nation.
Which of the following statements about political participation in the United States over the past fifty years is LEAST accurate?
organizing a food drive at a local church
Which of the following activities would be considered a form of civic engagement, though not a political activity?
a New England town meeting in which all members of the community are allowed to express their opinion and
cast their vote on each issue
Which of the following institutions best exemplifies direct democracy?
Members of the elite are more likely to trample over civil liberties than Americans with less wealth or education.
Which of the following statements about findings related to ruling elite theory is LEAST accurate?
pluralism
An instance in which one segment of society manages to push through a law in one session, only to have another segment
build enough support to overthrow the law in the next session, would best be defined as an example of
Personal Choice
In American politics, pluralism is most evident in matters related to
the citizenry must remain politically active.
Aristotle, Thomas Jefferson, and John Stuart Mill all agreed that
Initiative
What is the term for an electorate's right to draft legislation?
Locke believed that the primary role of government was to ensure an equal distribution of property.
Which of the following statements about John Locke's political philosophy is LEAST accurate?
55%
Approximately what percentage of the American public currently lives in suburbs?
20%
By 2050 what percentage of the American population will be over the age of 65?
Too busy with other matters
What is the most commonly cited reason that citizens between the ages of eighteen and twenty-four fail to vote?
Ninth
Which amendment states that any rights not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution are reserved for the people?
Trade
Initially, colonial governors appointed by the British monarch enforced laws dealing with
The cost of war with France and Native Americans
What pushed Great Britain into enacting new legislation that eventually incited the American colonies to rebel and declare independence?
Montesquieu
The principle of separation of powers, particularly with regard to an independent judiciary, is primarily associated with the writings of which political philosopher?
No taxation without representation
What radical principle lay behind the Declaration of Independence's premise that the people have a right to abolish a government?
Common Sense
Which document(s) convinced many colonists to rebel against Great Britain?
The legislative Branch
At the time of the American Revolution, state constitutions placed the majority of power in
Shay's Rebellion
Which event best showcased the inadequacies of the Articles of Confederation?
Article V
Which article of the Constitution defines the amendment process?
Fourteenth Amendment
Which amendment laid the groundwork for applying the Bill of Rights to the actions of state governments?
3/5 Compromise, The Connecticut Compromise, The Electoral College
Which of the following stipulations within the U.S. Constitution originally created an indirect democracy?
Judicial review, the presidential veto, and advice and consent
Which of the following procedure(s) establish checks and balances within the federal government?
Marbury v Madison
The case that established the Supreme Court's power to interpret the U.S. Constitution was
a victory of the Anti-Federalists
The inclusion of the Bill of Rights in the U.S. Constitution is a result of
three-fourths of state legislatures or three-fourths of special state conventions.
Amendments to the U.S. Constitution can only be ratified if approved by
Confederal System
The government system established under the Articles of Confederation is an example of a(n)
Federal System
The United States today is an example of a(n)
Unitary system
What type of government system do most countries have today?
an independent district
Which of the following is not an example of a type of government in the United States?
both enumerated powers and implied powers.
The U.S. Constitution endows Congress with
An implied power
In the 1790s, despite a lack of specific constitutional authority to do so, Congress chartered a national bank, arguing that the institution was necessary to regulate the value of currency, a power that the Constitution did grant to Congress. The chartering of a national bank was therefore an example of
the 10th Amendment
What part of the U.S. Constitution reserves all powers not delegated to the federal government to the state governments?
McCulloch v Maryland
Which of the following is the first landmark Supreme Court case that established the use of implied powers to expand the national government's enumerated powers?
the Defense of Marriage Act
Which of the following may be in violation of the full-faith-and-credit clause of Article IV of the Constitution?
New Deal
Policies that advanced during cooperative federalism included programs known collectively as the
grants-in-aid
The major vehicle for applying cooperative federalism was
the federal government's authority to regulate international and interstate commerce bestowed on it some power to regulate intrastate commerce
In the case of Gibbons v. Ogden (1824), the Supreme Court decided that
Fifteenth
All the following amendments EXCEPT the ________ had a significant impact on the power connection between the state and national governments
Categorical formula
Which type of grant has been most prevalent over the course of American history?
laws limiting the number of hours that employees could work in hazardous situations unconstitutionally deprived those employees of the opportunity to enter freely into contracts.
In the case of Lochner v. New York (1905), the Supreme Court decided that
earmarks
Funding for specific projects that are added by members of Congress to appropriation bills, usually without oversight or public debate, is known as
When the Constitution was first put into effect, it made senator and representative the only two federal offices
that would be elected directly by the people.
Which of the following statements about Congress is LEAST accurate?
Senate
In the decades following Andrew Jackson's presidency, primacy in formulating public policy shifted to the
1959
Hiram Fong, the first Asian American to serve in the Senate, came to office in
send correspondence through the public mails free of charge
The franking privilege allows members of Congress to
Delegates
Congresspersons who focus primarily on enacting the wishes of their constituents are said to act as
Lobbyists can provide a valuable democratic function by keeping members of Congress informed about important issues.
Which of the following statements about the relationship between lobbyists and members of Congress is most accurate?
Partisan outlook, skill in controlling legislative agenda, ability to frame issues along party lines, ability to raise funds for fellow party members
Congressional leaders are increasingly chosen for their
Enumerated powers
Powers the Constitution explicitly grants to Congress are known as
claim powers not explicitly granted to it by the Constitution
The elastic clause of the Constitution allows Congress to
a millionaire's club representing the interests of party bosses and big business
Which of the following descriptions best captures popular attitudes toward the Senate in the late nineteenth century?
Incumbents are more likely to be able to hide their political leanings to attract a broader base.
Which of the following is NOT generally one of the advantages incumbents wield over challengers?
Select committees
Committees that are convened for a limited period of time to consider matters outside the jurisdiction of existing committees are known as
exchanging votes among congressional members for mutual benefit.
The term logrolling refers to the congressional practice of
a filibuster
The Senate tactic of holding the floor for hours on end until an unwanted piece of legislation is dropped or amended is known as
members of the Electoral College
Who is directly responsible for electing the president
head of the judiciary
Not a presidential responsibility
Vetoing or signing acts of congress, leading support for a new bill, submitting a budget
The president participates in the legislative process when
Determine how the bureaucracy will implement laws
The president's role as chief executive is to
Serve as first in the line of succession
What is the vice presidents most important function
the power to withhold information from congress and the courts, the power to take emergency measures during times of national crisis, the power to issue orders that carry the force of law
Which of the following special powers does a president have?
The House of Representatives formally accuses the president of crimes
What occurs during an impeachment
Senate (Advice and consent)
The president receives advice and consent from the _______regarding treaties
needs NO senate approval
An executive agreement is like a treaty except that it
Those who doubted his experience
President Obama's coice of Joe Biden was intended to appeal to what segment of the electorate?
Both the national security advisor and the director of the office of management and budget
Presidents can designate other advisors to cabinet rank
Seeing that the president's policies are enable into law
The White House Office is primarily focused on
the National Security Council
Which organization is part of the Executive Office of the President
Administering current operations within the current budget, proposing the next annual expense budget, proposing the next annual revenue budget
The Office of Management and Budget is primarily focused on
an appeal from the state's highest court to the U.S. Supreme Court
The only way a case can move from a state court system to the national system is by
Local Trials court
case can NOT proceed directly to the Supreme Court from which of the following types of courts?
American citizens who are found guilty in a federal court may appeal the decision in their state court system
statement about the U.S. court system is LEAST accurate?
by regulating banking, appointment of the Federal Reserve Board and its chair, setting goals
The president proves economic leadership
he FISC is generally reluctant to grant warrants permitting the federal government to conduct surveillance of
suspected foreign agents within the boundaries of the United States.
statement about the U.S. district court system is LEAST accurate?
assess the constitutionality of congressional acts.
The principle of judicial review allows the Supreme Court to
Civil Law
The two basic types of law under the American judicial system are criminal law and
if the government of Indiana were to sue the government of Kentucky over the pollution of the Ohio River
In which of the following instances would the Supreme Court have original jurisdiction?
Legal Standing
if the government of Indiana were to sue the government of Kentucky over the pollution of the Ohio River
Appointments to the Supreme Court initially carried such little prestige that many appointees declined to accept their seats.
Which of the following statements about the early history of the Supreme Court is most accurate?
It succeeded in increasing judicial support for Roosevelt's New Deal programs.
Which of the following statements about Franklin Roosevelt's "court-packing" proposal is most accurate?
Solicitor General
Which federal office is known as the "tenth justice" because of the Supreme Court's high receptivity to its petitions?
if the case involves an issue that has been hotly debated in the lower courts
In which of the following instances is the Supreme Court most likely to agree to hear a case?
exactly thirty minutes to present their entire argument.
When presenting a case before the Supreme Court, lawyers are permitted
a majority opinion
An opinion written by one justice on behalf of at least five members of the Court is known as
The New Deal (What is the Definition)
Policies that advanced during cooperative federalism included programs known collectively
Devolution
NAtional Gov't turned more power and responsibility for programs over to the states and local governments
Civil Society
Politics where it refers to a 'community', commensurate with the Greek city-state characterized by a shared set of norms and ethos, in which free citizens on an equal footing lived under the rule of law
Citizenship
the status of a citizen with rights and duties, born within the country
Liberal Democracy
a form of government in which representative democracy operates under the principles of liberalism, i.e. protecting the rights of minorities and, especially, the individual.
John Locke
BEcame involved in the politics of Whig radicals who challenged the authority of the British Stuart Monarch in the late seventeenth century
Judicial Review
review by the US Supreme Court of the constitutional validity of a legislative act.
Elastic Clause
The Congress shall have Power - To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested
Full Faith and Credit Provision
given in each State to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State.
