Modern World History Midterm Review

greatest astronomer of antiquity A. D. 100s

earth-centered

1473-1543; mathematician; cleric from Poland

sun-centered

1571-1630; German mathematician

1564-1642; Italian scientist; first to make regular observations using a telescope

1642-1727; professor of mathematics; greatest work of the scientific revolution

every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by gravity

began by considering the doubt and uncertainty that seemed to be everywhere; father of rationalism

the belief that reason is the chief of knowledge

English philosopher; should not use the ancient philosophies; instead use observations and experimentation to learn about nature

systematic procedure for collecting and analysing evidence

result of intellectuals applying the scientific method to the physical world to examine all realms of life

french word for philosopher

believed in Tabula Rasa

the belief that people are born with blank minds

studied government

form of government in which the executive, legislative, judicial branches limit and control each other in a system of checks and balances

criticized Christianity, challenged the actions of the Church, strong belief in religious toleration

wrote the Encyclopedia

founder of economics, believed in laissez-faire, developed capitalism

to let people do what they want

came up with the idea of a social government

an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will

the collective desire of a group

founder of the modern European & American movements for women's rights

rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining royal powers

large group of people who run the government but are not elected

foreign governments recognize each others right to exercise their athourity

national government and state government share powers

3 classes in which French society was divided

France's main tax

aristocratic privileges

King during the French Revolution

Queen during the French Revolution

members of the Paris Commune " Without Breeches"

at the top of the Committee of Public Safety

leader of the coup d'etat

a sudden overthrow of the government

the unique identity of a people based on common language, religion and national symbols

political philosophy based on traditionand social stability, favoring obedience to political authority and organized religion

people should be as free as possible from government restraint

money available for investment

individuals doing tasks in rural cottages

the process by which towns and cities are formed and become larger as more and more people began working in central areas

free market system

economic system in which society, usually in the form of government, owns and controls the means of production

the factories and resources used for producing goods

socialist and capitalist ideas

production of goods in quantity usually by machinery

the necessities, comforts and luxuries enjoyed or aspired to an individual or group

wrote the Commonist Manifesto

the middle class oppressors

the working class oppressedt

an organized association of workers formed to protect and further their rights and interests

the movement for women's rights

the right to vote

education for all people