IB History of the Americas Unit 10

a Mexican soldier and politician, who served seven terms as President of Mexico, totaling three and a half decades between 1876 and 1911

a Mexican statesman, writer, and revolutionary who served as the 33rd president of Mexico from 1911 until his assassination in 1913

José Doroteo Arango Arámbula - better known by his pseudonym Francisco Villa or his nickname Pancho Villa - was one of the most prominent Mexican Revolutionary generals

a leading figure in the Mexican Revolution, the main leader of the peasant revolution in the state of Morelos, and the founder of the agrarian movement called Zapatismo

a Mexican military officer and president of Mexico; Huerta's supporters were known as Huertistas during the Mexican Revolution

an American diplomat

Félix Díaz Velasco was a Mexican politician and general born in Oaxaca, Oaxaca

one of the leaders of the Mexican Revolution; he ultimately became President of Mexico following the overthrow of the dictatorial Victoriano Huerta regime in the summer of 1914, and during his administration the current constitution of Mexico was drafted but he was assassinated near the end of his term of office at the behest of a cabal of army generals resentful at his insistence that his successor be a civilian.

the President of Mexico from 1920 to 1924; He supported Sonora's decision to follow Venustiano Carranza as leader of a revolution against the Huerta regime, and Carranza appointed Obregón commander of the revolutionary forces in northwestern Mexico and in 1915 appointed him as his minister of war. In 1920, Obregón launched a revolt against Carranza, in which Carranza was assassinated; he won the subsequent election with overwhelming support

elected provisional president of Mexico during the Aguascalientes Convention and led the country for a few months between November 6, 1914, and January 16, 1915

younger members of the Mexican congress that put together the Constitution of 1917

a Mexican writer, philosopher and politician; he is one of the most influential and controversial personalities in the development of modern Mexico

a Mexican general and politician; he was the powerful interior minister under President Álvaro Obregón, who chose Calles as his successor

an American businessman, diplomat, and politician of Scots-Irish descent, best known as the U.S. ambassador who improved U.S.-Mexican relations, mediating the religious conflict in Mexico known as the Cristero rebellion (1926-29), but also contributing to an easing of conflict between the two countries over oil

a general in the Mexican Revolution and an able statesman who served as President of Mexico between 1934 and 1940

three presidential puppets of Calles

the ideals and commands made by Porfirio during his reign over Mexico

interview Porfirio had with an American journalist where he said he'd welcome a challenger in the next presidential election but didn't know anyone in Mexico would hear the interview

a Spanish-American day laborer or unskilled farm worker

the Ten Tragic Days ("La Decena Trágica") were a series of events that took place in Mexico City between February 9 and February 19, 1913, during the Mexican Revolution; they culminated in a coup d'état and the assassination of President Francisco I. Madero and his vice president, José María Pino Suárez

Land and Liberty (Spanish: "Tierra y Libertad") is an anarchist black slogan that was used as a name of the Mexican Revolution; the revolution was fought over land rights, and the leaders such as Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa were fighting to give the land back to the natives from whom it was expropriated either by force or by some dubious manner because without land, the peasants were at the mercy of landowners for subsistence.

followers of Zapata

followers of Pancho Villa

town where the differences between Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata, Venustiano Carranza and Alvaro Obregon were settled (translates to "hot water")

a series of military engagements fought between 6-15 April 1915, near Celaya in present-day Guanajuato, Mexico during the 1910 Mexican Revolution

opposed to the influence and activities of the clergy or the church in secular or public affairs

normal people who fought in the defense of the church

battle cry of the Cristeros (translates to "long live Christ the King!")

an area of communal land used for agriculture, on which community members individually possess and farm a specific parcel

labor union

a 1917 diplomatic proposal from the German Empire offering a military alliance with Mexico, in the event of the United States entering World War I against Germany; the proposal was intercepted and decoded by British intelligence

translated to flight

the owner of a hacienda (a large estate or plantation with a dwelling house)

began as a raid conducted by Pancho Villa's Division of the North on the small United States border town of Columbus, New Mexico in March 1916; the raid escalated into a full-scale battle between Villistas and the United States Army and Villa himself led the assault, only to be driven back into Mexico by elements of the 13th Cavalry Regiment stationed at the town - the attack angered Americans and President Woodrow Wilson ordered the Punitive Expedition in which the US Army invaded Mexico in an unsuccessful attempt to capture General Villa

a political document written in San Antonio, Texas, United States, and published in the Mexican city of San Luis Potosí in 1910; the document ushered in the Mexican revolution and the collapse of the Presidency of Porfirio Díaz

a peace treaty signed between the then President of Mexico, Porfirio Díaz, and the revolutionary Francisco Madero on May 21, 1911; the treaty put an end to the fighting between forces supporting Madero and those of Díaz and thus concluded the initial phase of the Mexican Revolution

a document drafted by revolutionary leader Emiliano Zapata during the Mexican Revolution

an agreement, also known as the Pact of the Ciudadela, signed in the U.S. Embassy in Mexico City early in the morning of February 19, 1913, that ended the Decena Trágica

a document drafted on March 23, 1913 by Venustiano Carranza in response to the overthrow and execution of Francisco I. Madero, then President of Mexico

the current constitution of Mexico; it was drafted in Santiago de Querétaro, in the State of Querétaro, by a constitutional convention, during the Mexican Revolution

lands seized illegally from peasantry were to be restored, land which did not serve a useful social function could be appropriated by the state, regulated sub-soil rights, angered foreigners by stating "Only Mexicans by birth or naturalization have the right to acquire ownership of land, water...", gave land rights to foreigners who promised not to call upon their governments for help

provided an eight hour work day and a six day work week, permitted a minimum wage to be set, required equal pay for good work regardless of sex or nationality