Humanities Ch. 11 Enlightenment and Rococo

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.., A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God.

-Emphasized human liberty.-Kant defined enlightenment as the ability to reason for oneself, free from authority or received ipinion.

September 2, 1666 a baker's oven exploded. High winds, the closeness and flamable construction of the homes, businesses and warehouses fueled the fire for more than 2 days. Businesses went bankrupts and 100,000 people were homeless. Ironically, this led to the modernization of the City's center.

(1632-1723) p 322 An architect proposed a grand redesign scheme with wide boulevards and great squares but the need to rebuild quickly made his plans impractical.He was commissioned to rebuild 52 churches, including St. Paul's Cathedral. His design combined Classical, GOthis, Renaissance and Baroque elements.

St. Paul's Cathedral: symetrical twin clock towers and Facade (Baroque) and massive dome (Renaissance). Elongated cruciform floor plan design (Gothic),

English Scientist and leading advocate of the empirical method.

(1561-1626) p 323.-Felt superstition & religious zeal our greatest obstacle.-felt reliance on senses frequently led to fundamental errors.wrote: Novum Organum Scientiarum-inductive reasoning-empirical method

The manner of inquiry when inductive reasoning is combined with scientic experimentation.

French Scientist(1596-1650)wrote: Discourse on the Method of Rightly COnducting the Reason and Seeking for Truth in the Sciences (1637)-I think, therefore I am-Founder of deism-also published Optics which was built upon Kepler's work

A method that begins with clearly established general principles and proceeds to the establishment of particular truths. (The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.

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German scientist (1571-1630) made detailed records of moecments of planets, substantiating Copernicus's theory planets orbit around the sun. Also proposed that five known planets moved around the sun in elliptical paths determined by sun's magnetic force relative to their distance.

improved the design and magnification of the telescope .-theorized that light travels from one place to the next at a measurable uniform sped. -All objects regardless of shape, size, or density, fall at the same rate of acceleration

Earth centered, models of the universe based on the assumption that the sun, moon, and planets all orbit Earth

Sun centered, a model of the solar system in which Earth and the other planets revolve around the sun

Invented by Dutch eyeglass-maker, Hans Lipshey.

Galileo Galilei imrpoved the design and magnification and inspired Kepler design the telescope which became the standard for today.

Dutch Lens maker (1632-1723)Made a lense that magnified 200 times-He was inspired by Robert Hooke's work Micrographia (1665)-He discovered bacteria-elected a full member of the Royal society.

English Royal Society Curator of Experiments.-published Micrographia 1965.-One of the first people to observe cells.

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(1642-1727) Demonstrated that the universe was an intelligible orderly system

..., A set of physical principles with which we can understand natural phenomena and the nature of the universe.

The term was invented in the 19th century. The change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production, especially the one that took place in England from about 1750 to about 1850.

(1588-1679)English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings Wrote Leviathan.-argued people are drivin by two things: fear of death and desire for power and it is the govenment's role to keep these two in check else there will be anarchy

(1632-1704) Disagreed with Hobbs arguing that people are prefectly, capable of governing themselves. -said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

-claimed the mind was tabula rasa.-Wrot Essay On Human Undertanding (1690)

(1608-1674) English Poet. Wrote Paradise Lost.

Miltons Biblical story of the creation, fall, and redemption of humanity---this became the two-volume epic poems: Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained.-A densly plotted poem, complex characters,rich theological reasoning, long wavelike sentences of blank verse.-about the possibilities of liberty and justice.

-battle that ensues between lucifer and God is reminiscent of the English Civil war. It was understood that God represented the Stuart monarchy and Satan represented Oliver Cromwell i.e. absolute rule and civil liberty.

Literary genre that conveys the conradictions between real and ideal situations. -In 1700s English Satirists Williams Hogarth, Jonathan Swift and Alexander Pope exposed the dard side of the Enlightenment.

(1697-1764) painter and social satirist who published prints of his works to gain a wider audience. Published "Gin Lane" which exposed the rampant alcohol problem in London.pictured: Gin Lane depicts the horrid effects of bottom end alcohol dependence.

(1667-1745) author, satirist-said he hated human race for misusing its capacity for reason to simply further its own currupt self interest.wrote Gullivers' travels which is a comment on human behavior.

(1688-1744) English poet.-wrote An Essay on Man (1732-1734)-used satire to attack royalty and nobility in his poems

what the novel claimed a realistic portrayal of contemporary life.

Endorsed a set of ethics and morality that were practical, not idealized. Entertaining. A respite from drudgery of everyday life.-Robinson Crusoe presented the power of the average person to rise above his situation, survive and eventually flourish accounted for it's popularity.

The decorative style fostered by French court in 18th Century.

Frivolous subject matter, emphasizing the pursuit of peasure, particularly love. Compositions generally asymmetrical. Color range was light, emphasizing gold, silver and pastels.painting: Jean-Honore' Fragonard, The Swing (1767)

Painter of Rococo style (1684-1721)Often staged fetes galantes.Painting: The EMbarkation from Cythera (1718-1791)

a galant and by extension amorous celebration or party.

Painter (1793-1770) and a favorite of Madame Pompadour.

Painter (1732-1806) and student of Boucher.One of his most famous painting is The Swing

A new type of garden first popular in England in (1720) It aspired ti imitate rural nature, rather than the straight geometrical layout of the French garden.

Inspired by one of the Roman gardens in Villas of the Ancients called Imatatio Ruris or "Imitation of Rural Landscapes"

(1717-1783) a Parisian Philosophe and editor of the Encyclopedie which was completed in 1772. Said: "Men will not be free until the last king is stangled with the entrailsof the last priest.

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Those who practice Deism which is the brank of faith that argues that the basis of belief in God is reason and logic rather than revelation or tradition and, furthr, does not believe that God is actively involved in the day-to-day workings of the universe.

Parisian Philosphe and a composer and contributor to the Encyclopedie (1712-1778)wrote: The Social Contract (1762) describes an ideal state governed by "General Will" of the people.-"Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains"-"noble savage"

Giving up sovereignty over themselves and bestowing it on a ruler. They carry out the ruler's demands and in return the ruler agrees to keeps the peace.

A Parisian Philosophe (1694-1778) aka Francois-Marie Arouet.

Prolific writer, poet, playwright and Historian.-believed in enlightened monarchy but also satirized him-His views caused him to spend time in prison as well as exile.-A Deist-championed freedom of thought-Wrote Candide

A process in which through the direct and careful observation of natural phenomena, one can draw general conclusions from particular examples and predict the operations of nature as a whole.

Painter Painting: The Brioche (1763)Still life painter

All things chinese.