History 150- Exam 1

-survival mode; live day to day; hunters and gatherers -nomadic people: travelers

-agriculture: farming & domesticating animals for the use of humans -no need to move; much safer -created a community

-language -SPECIALIZATION

-1st known civilization -city states: independent from each other -views on the afterlife: 1. you get tormented by evil spirits forever or 2. you are one of those evil spirits

-rivers Mesopotamia was built on -very violent; hard to travel on

-city state -written language: Cuneiform (symbolic, consistent)

-city state under leadership of King Hammurabi

-first fully formed system of laws -severe -class-based: favored men and rich -mostly trade rules -rule by law: copied by many civilizations after him; laws work no matter where or when you are

-many gods -Mesopotamia: pessimistic (believed they were sinical gods)

-optimistic -life was simple, never much change -the gods liked you and took care of you -Nile River= very calm

-founders of Judaism -monotheism (one god in control of everything)

-hebrew god -sovereign (controls everything) -transcendent (above&beyond nature) -good (wants good things for you but its up to you) -10 commandments -free will

-human beings cause their own problems, therefore they can solve them -dont need to look to supernatural powers to solve your day-to-day problems -basis for all science

-if Yahweh wants all humanity to succeed & he gave them a set of rules to follow, then every human being has value

-rational humanism -Homer & the Iliad -polis system

-Trojans vs Troy -King Agamemnon leads Greek soldiers to battle -Achilles: soldier who kills high ranking soldier of Troy and then is entitled to his wife -K.A. gets mad b/c Achilles is more popular & wants to take the wife -Achilles says no & leaves the field of battle & the Greeks begin to lose & his best friend is killed

-universal order: must follow no matter what -arete: how a Greek person behaves in their day to day life; says every Greek should strive for excellence in mind & body -gods of Olympus: introduction into how the gods behave; interfere & interact with humans

-every city is independent (own god, own gov, own economy)

-middle of Greece, a lot of territory (rotten farm land), pretty powerful -attack neighboring village & take hostage & turn them into slaves to work on their soil- helots -military society (1/2 of arete)

- populous, along Mediterranean sea -port city, most vibrant &wealthy city state -poor soil, enslaved people like Sparta

-594 BC becomes influential in the gov (traveled a lot) -tells gov to stop trying to grow wheat & to make wine & olive oil & pottery -1st international trade & cash crop -Athens becomes extremely rich & buys back people sold into slavery

-actor -spoke back to chorus; created dialogue in theater

-play-write: universal order -Oedipus Rex -dialogue -philosophy: rationalism

-469-399BC -war hero & philosopher -socratic method; dialectics -father of (Greek) philosophy -universal order (you have a purpose) -corrupting the youth -399 BC: The Apology... dies

-student of Socrates -doesn't believe in physical attraction to someone -The Republic: Utopian literature -believes society should be broken up into: rulers (best & most intelligent), soldiers (to protect rulers & society), & others (producers, provide food & everything society needs

-combines ideas of Plato & Socrates -moderation: don't let 1 thing rule your life -give power to the "middle class"

-island off the East coast of Greece -under control of Persian Empire -fighting for independence & Athens wants to send ships for help -don't win independence & Athens trying to help makes Persia mad

-490 BC; King Darius I (Persian ruler) sends over an expeditionary force to fight Athens -Athenians beat the Persians -soldier runs 26 miles to town to announce victory & Persia is mad again

-King Xerxes: son of Darius -480 BC wants to march through Greece & destroy every polis on the way to Athens -unites political system against Persia

-300 Spartans & thousands of Persians -fight to the teeth to buy time for southern polises -still lost

-comes with plan to win Persian war -turn it into a naval battle -Athenians abandon the city & go to the shore

-480 BC -Persians have giant ships & cannot maneuver them in close quarters -Athenians destroy Persians

-478 BC -Spartans destroy the remnants of of the Persians on land -polis system now = UNITED (but still divided)

-Athens created this defense organization -polises in this league pay taxes to Athens to build up military for defense (collect more than they need & become corrupt) -polises begin to question Athens's authority

-Sparta -smaller than Pelopponesian League, but still competitive defense league

-civil war of Greece -Pelopponesian League vs Delian League -destroys Greece's glory

-not sophisticated people -not considered Greek

-leader of Macedonia -wise military leader, in power when the rest of Greece is falling -assassinated (maybe planned by son & wife)

-son of Philip of Macedonia -comes to power (356-323 BC) -fan of the Greeks, taught by Aristotle, loves Homer: wants to reestablish the idea of Arete around the world -conquers territory (great warrior): Persia to India -turns enemies into allies -creating a world community -dies of poison in 323 BC then empire is broken up into chunks

-Roman Republic (509-27 BC) -Roman Empire (27 BC-476 AC) -slow moving society but stable and long-lasting -city state alone Tiber River & on Mediterranean Sea -idea= unite Italy -military = organized (enemies into allies)

-stoicism -improvement for most city states they took over -great seafaring people; trade throughout the Mediterranean

-Rome -even feel/ disposition -hardly any emotion or reaction -not vibrant like Greece

-powerful city-state from Northern Africa -Romans run into them while trading in Med. sea & they both want control of the little islands in Med. ~ islands = great for trading

-Rome vs Carthage (264- 241 BC) -naval war that Rome wins: control over Sicily, Corsica & Sardinia ~ Rome now controls Mediterranean

-218-201 BC -Carthage wants to take revenge on Rome & send an invading force that will bring Italy to its knees -start at the Iberian Peninsula & work their way to Rome -Hannibal = leader of war (never loses a battle in Europe)

-216 BC -destroys an entire Roman legion of 60,000 (close to downtown Rome) -for next decade Rome is surrounded by Carthageneans -Rome sails out & invades Carthage to force Hannibal to leave & go protect his homeland

-202 BC Hannibal vs Scipio Africanus -Scipio defeats Hannibal & Carthage is destroyed

-starts b/c Rome defeated Carthage & they get all the land Carthage conquered on its way to Rome (during 2nd Punic War)

-create laws/rules that will work no matter where you are in the Roman world -culturally neutral -supposed to work whenever you are -greatest contribution of Roman Republic

-Punic Wars start the transition; gives them power -agriculture is greatly impacted (most people were farmers) ~farmers become soldiers then have no farms to return to bc someone else took over & then became an underclass

-plantations -old farm land taken over by extremely wealthy people who didn't go off to war -corruption: people bribe so they don't have to give up their land to soldiers coming home

-politician, argues for reform for little people & for Rome to maintain reform for the wealth of all -given military assignment in Gaul so people in senate can get rid of him -Letters from Gaul: makes senate mad -comes back to Rome (fights for position) & senate feels threatened -Ides of March: kill him

-Julius Caesar -sent to Rome; combination of experiences -make Caesar popular & senate gets mad

-March 15, 44 BC -Julius Caesar is assassinated -causes Roman culture to decline bc society is not longer ruled by law but by terror, money & violence

-becomes most powerful military person in Roman world -Caesar's adopted son -27 BC: got rid of all enemies & offers senate his resignation, senates says no, & he says okay but i won't be your king -1st citizen -> prince -takes on name Augustus Caesar -1st emperor: sees Rome through transition of Republic to Empire -maintains law of nations & rules from 27 BC - 14 AD

-early Christianity begins in Palestine (Judaism is most vibrant there) -St. Paul - fast rising (kept parts people liked & discarded parts people didn't like) -built right on top of the Roman world -as it rises in popularity, the Roman Empire declines

1. Sadducees 2. Pharisees 3. Essenes 4. Zealots

-most powerful, wealthy of Jewish sects; elite -control the temple -most important to Romans bc they collected taxes from Jews -believe in Mosaic Law -ritualistic existence

-believed by Sadducees - you must follow the rules in the Torah at all times -God gives out his rewards on Earth only (no Heaven)

-most numerous of Jewish sects -regular people -future = afterlife -oral tradition should be incorporated w/ Mosaic Law; morals

-Dead Sea Scrolls (discovered in 1947) -believed in the end of days

-God is going to come & choose who has followed his word & who has not -coming soon

-captive people (Romans controlling Jews against their will) -Revolutionaries who want to create a Jewish homeland, fight for independence -political agitators that Romans hate -don't pay taxes bc don't have their independence

-(4 BC- 29 AD) -represents the lower classes (Sadducees don't like) -preaches at a time when the afterlife is being questioned among Jews -the end of days: we are facing something dramatic & if we are we will be sent a leader -Messiah: someone to lead the Jews to the end of days (some sects see this as someone to lead them out from under Roman control-religious troublemaker) -ethical vs rituals -Romans think he's a political threat--- treason... crucifixion

-baptized & trained Jesus -believed in oral tradition & morality (how you behave)

-new sect of Judaism after Jesus's death -still Jewish, but follow Jesus's word

-Jew living in Greece (5-67 AD) -St. Paul -transforms Jesus's word into a religion (Christianity) -travels & speaks to people throughout the Roman world -discovers there are a lot of gentiles & says Jesus's word isn't supreme & that oral tradition is more important than written/ritual

-Jews not living in Palestine

-poor people -non-Jews -pro-monothesim -don't like rituals

-Pope -leader of the church on Earth -now have a society based on political, economic & religious aspects

-66 AD -Matthew, Mark, Luke -similar in length, content & emphasis

-110 AD -longer & different emphasis than synoptic gospels -Christians are being persecuted at this time & John's writings emphasize Jesus's persecution

-325 AD -called to answer ? of whether or not Jesus = God

-Jesus = God (+ Holy Spirit) -outcome of Council of Nicaea -Christianity now is fully defined

-translates the Bible from greek & Hebrew to Latin -makes it available for all educated people

-is the Roman Emperor above Christian low or under it? -says emperor is w/in Christianity & not about it -later Popes take this as they can give order to kings/ emperors

-wrote book in 410 AD: City of God -Christians have to prepare themselves for the city of God (Heaven)

-emperor -creates jobs for life (job passed down from generation to generation & you can't quit)

-last Roman Emperor -splits empire in 1/2 -new capital of 2nd 1/2 = Constantinople -eastern Roman empire = Byzantine Empire (doesn't fall when western portion does; Asian culture)

-Early MA: 500-1050 -High MA= 1050-1500 -defined on the ruins of the Roman Empire- Latifundia (people working there are bound to the land)

-new Latifundia -each one has own rules, Lord, etc. -unorganized b/c laws are different for each fiefdom

-people working on a fiefdom

-run fiefdom, in charge of peasants -peasants give him food & more b/c he gives them protection -has biggest house (secure place to stay in times of danger)... becomes castle

-castles create 1st warriors... knights -certain kind of warfare, expensive (elite) -become their own class & knighthood = birthright -knights become more terrorizing to the people they're trying to help bc they are itching to fight

-Pope says there will be seasons of war -attempt to stop terrorizing from knights -sometimes made wars worse

-going back to idea of Arete -you must be religious (loyal, Christian soldier), take on lady

-decentralization: independent, little towns -unorganized -improvised system -not unified

-no real unity until he comes to power -Charles the Great -son of Pepin -peak of Frankish leadership -rules 768-814; dies in 814 -Defeats all of his enemies (Moors, Lombards, Bavarians, Saxons, Vikings) -crowned as the Holy Roman Emperor

-early forms of Germanic tribes -not able to establish authority bc Roman Empire was too tough -rise when Roman Empire falls

-reigns (590-604) -descendent of Roman organization -makes church the leader of the world community -simplifies & standardizes religon

-non-Christian

-496 -leader of Franks -1st Franks evert into an alliance w/ Christianity -then Clovis converts to Christianity: 1st Frankish leader to do so (every leader after him is Christian)

-Charles the Hammer -descendent of Clovis -Frankish leader who fights on behalf of the Christians

-muslims in Spain who terrorize people

-732 -Charles Martel defeats the Moors

-son of Charles Martel -defeats the Lombards & create the Papal states (753) -guarantees protection of the papal states -brings together the Franks & Christianity

-in Northern Italy -threat to people bc Rome is in their way

-area where Rome is now its own state (band across center of Italy)

-Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne as the Holy Roman Emperor (political/ military leadership) -completely linked with religious leadership

-son of Charlemagne -when Charlemagne dies in 814 he leaves his empire to Louis -maintains the empire for 1 generation -dies in 849

-divides the empire amongst Charlemagne's 3 grandsons in 849

-gets the West section of Charlemagne's empire; now France

-gets the East section of Charlemagne's empire; now Germany

-gets the Middle Kingdom of Charlemagne's empire