Aegean
an arm of the Mediterranean between Greece and Turkey
Black Sea
a sea between Europe and Asia
Bronze Age Civilization
A civilization in the Bronze Age (est. 2800 B.C.)
Crete
the largest Greek island in the Mediterranean
Minoan Civilization
a civilization that existed on the Mediterranean island of Crete
Mycenaean
of or relating to or characteristic of ancient Mycenae or its inhabitants
Homer
ancient Greek epic poet who is believed to have written the Iliad and the Odyssey (circa 850 BC)
Ionia
region of western Asia Minor colonized by Ancient Greeks
Epic Poem
a long narrative poem telling of a hero's deeds
Polis
a city state
Acropolis
served as a place of refuge during an attack and sometimes came to be a religious center on which temples and public buildings were built
Agora
served as a place where people could assemble and as a market
Hoplites
heavily armed infantry soldiers or foot soldiers
Phalanx
a military formation of foot soldiers armed with spears and shields
Hellespont
the strait between the Aegean and the Sea of Marmara that separates European Turkey from Asian Turkey; along with Bosporus
Bosporus
a strait connecting the Mediterranean and the Black Sea; along with Hellespont
Byzantium
the first capitol of the Eastern Empire renamed as Constantinople
Democracy
A government by the rule of the many
Oligarchy
a political system governed by a few people
Sparta
an ancient Greek city famous for military prowess; seized more land when needed
Helots
Slaves to the Spartans that revolted and nearly destroyed Sparta in 650 B.C.E.
ephors
a group of five men who were elected each year and were responsible for the education of the youth and conduct of the citizens
Athens
the capital and largest city of Greece; enemy of Sparta
Solon
a reform-minded aristocrat
Cleisthenes
An aristocrat, created a council of 500 and helped from Athenian democracy
Asia Minor
the western Asian peninsula comprising most of modern-day Turkey, known to the Greeks as Anatolia
Darius
Persian ruler that seeked revenge on the Athenian navy
Xerxes
son of Darius; became Persian king. He vowed revenge on the Athenians. He invaded Greece with 180,000 troops in 480 B.C.
Delian League
Pact joined in by Athenians and other Greeks to continue the war with Persia
Delos
the headquarters of the Delian League
Pericles
Athenian statesman whose leadership contributed to Athen's political and cultural supremacy in Greece
Age of Pericles
a period of classical Athenian and Greek history in which Athens reached its highest power
Direct Democracy
system of government in which people gather at mass meetings to decide on government matters
Ostracism
procedure used by Athenian assembly in 5th century B.C. to banish a citizen for 10 years without revoking their rights; 6,000 votes were needed for banishment
Thebes
an ancient Greek city in Boeotia destroyed by Alexander the Great in 336 BC
Macedonia
an ancient kingdon ruled by Alexander the Great that conquered Greece and the Persian empire in the 300s BC
Mount Olympus
the higest mountain in Greece, where the ancient Greeks believed many of their gods and godesses lived
Rituals
another name for ceremonies or rites
Oracle
a sacred shrine where a god or goddess revealed the future through a priest or a priestess
Oracle of Apollo at Delphi
The most famous of greek oracles
Tragedies
the first Greek dramas; presented in a trilogy ... serious drama about common themes such as love, hate, war or betrayal
Aeschylus
writer of tragedies; wrote Oresteia; proposed the idea of having two actors and using props and costumes
Sophocles
Greek writer of tragedies; author of Oedipus Rex
Euripides
one of the greatest tragic dramatists of ancient Greece (480-406 BC)
Herodotus
the ancient Greek known as the father of history
Thucydides
considered the greatest historian of the ancient world
Philosophy
an organized system of thought
Pythagoras
Greek philosopher and mathematician who proved the Pythagorean theorem
Sophists
a group of traveling teachers in ancient Greece who rejected speculations such as that of Pythagoras as foolish
Socrates
ancient Athenian philosopher who did not believe in recording anything
Socratic Method
a method of teaching by question and answer
Plato
one of Socrates' students; was considered by many to be the GREATEST philosopher of western civilization
Aristotle
one of the greatest of the ancient Athenian philosophers; Student of Plato
Philip II
king of ancient Macedonia and father of Alexander the Great (382-336 BC)
Alexander the Great
son of Philip II; received military training in Macedonian; conquered much land in Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and Mesopotamia; goal was to conquer the known world
Hellenisitic Era
the era in which the Greeks were imitated in other parts of the world
Pergamum
an ancient Greek city located in the western part of what is now modern Turkey during the Hellenistic Era
Eratosthenes
Greek mathematician and astronomer who estimated the circumference of the earth and the distances to the moon and sun (276-194 BC)
Euclid
He is the father of geometry and wrote a book explaining geometry (the Elements)
Archimedes
the most famous scientist of the Hellenistic Era
Epicureanism
philosophy founded by Epicurus in Hellenistic Athens; taught that happiness through the pursuit of pleasure was the goal of life
Stoicism
(philosophy) the philosophical system of the Stoics following the teachings of the ancient Greek philosopher Zeno