Tri-point progression
Concrete: manipulatives, hands-on
Semi concrete: pictures, tallies, circles
abstract: using numbers and symbols only
Social Studies ten themes
1- Culture
2- Time, Continuity, Change
3- People, Places, Environment
4- Individual Identity
5- Individual, Groups, Institutions
6- Power, Authority, Governance
7- Production, Distribution, Consumer
8- Science, Technology, Society
9- Global Connections
10- Civic Ideas & Practices
Advantages of using Globes
Develops the concept that the earth is round, Represents distance
disadvantages of using globes
Availability, Hard to see, Difficult to see small areas
Advantages of using maps
More economical, easy to store
disadvantages of using maps
Conformal: true shape, wrong size. Equal Area: True size, wrong shape.
Five themes of Geography:
1- Location= the exact location of a place on the earth's surface
Apply: Absolute location- exact point (address, latitude "up and down"/longitude" across")
Relative location- general area (landmark)
2- Place= the physical and human characteristics of a place that sets it apart from other places.
3- Relationships = How human characteristics interact with the environment of a place (both good and bad results)
Apply: People's adaption to climate, use of natural resources, how people make their living, environmental issues.
4- Movement= the movement of people, products, information, and ideas within a country and between countries.
Apply: Good services, Imports/Exports, Transportation, Communication
5- Regions= How regions form and change
Apply: Type of government, political regions, major tourist attractions, unique characteristics of these regions
economics in an elementary class
A study of the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
Micro-Personal Economics
Macro- National budgets, GNP, international markets
Elementary Topics: Needs vs Wants, Using vs Saving Money, Production, Distribution, and Consumption of goods, Goods vs Services.
scientific method
• Purpose-What do you want to find out?
• Research-What is already known about this?
• Hypothesis- What do you think will happen?
• Experiment-What you do
• Analysis-what happened during experiment
• conclusion-end results
Good teaching in a science class
*actively involved
*hands-on
*basic memorization of facts
*create critical thinking by asking open ended questions
*collect own data
inquiry based learning (hands on, minds on)
collaborative relationship between students and teacher
*asking questions
*designing investigations
*investigating
*formulating explanations
*present findings
*reflect on findings
science process skills
*observation
*communication
*classification
*measurement
*inference
*prediction
primary sources for elementary
*text
*images
*statistics
*objects
*community sources
*audio
guidelines for using manipulatives
*allow kids to explore
*discuss how they help us learn
*set up ground rules
*set up storage system
*food and virtual manipulatives
accountable talk (math)
*marking - revoicing- challenging -recapping
Problem solving strategies
1. find a pattern
2. make a table
3. work backward
4. guess and check
5. draw a picture
6. make a list
7. write a number sentence
math practice standards
1. make sense of problems
2. reason abstractly and quantitatively
3. construct viable arguments and critique reasoning of others
4. model with math
5. use appropriate tools
6. attend to precision
7. look for and use structure
8. look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning
assessing question
can you show me how you solved this problem?
advancing question
is there another way to solve this problem?
CCSS math domains
*counting and cardinality
* operations and algebraic thinking
*numbers and operations in base ten
*numbers and operations - fractions
*measurement and data
*geometry
math menus
used to help gifted or advanced students make choices, manage time, work at own pace, have ownership
essential understanding
driving force of the curriculum, help students make connections, monitor their learning, and gain deeper understandings of important terms or topics
instructional guidelines for spelling
teach spelling as part of whole curriculum, students write frequently, encourage students to invent spelling
alternative spelling strategies
1. modified textbook approach (add words they want to learn)
2. base word list approach (1,000 most frequently used words)
3.editing stage of process writing
discovery approach
1. present a list of words that share phonetic relationship
2. categorize words
3. state generalization
4. pretest
5. correct pretest
6. assign meaningful practice activities
phonic patterns
beginning consonant sounds, C rule, G rule, Consonant vowel consonant, vowel digraphs, vowel consonant silent E, consonant vowel pattern, R controlled vowels
phonic activities
1. vowel sorts- sorting pictures to differentiate between long E and long I
2. Bingo- call out picture and name
3. show me- put letters in pocket and show teacher
4. spelling meaning patterns- sorting and matching new endings
emergent literacy
emergent = literacy begins at birth and continues throughout life, literacy = embraces ability of reading and writing
*process which begins at birth
reading strategies for young children
*shared reading - children join in
*morning messages
*picture walk - make predictions based off pictures
*choral reading - read story as group
writing strategies for young children
*dictation - child draws, "tell me about it", teacher writes it down
*language experience - teacher creates story by students dictated words
*slotted sentences- children copy sentence and fill in blank
alphabetic principle
phonemic awareness is combined with letter-name knowledge, students attain a new conceptual understanding
*necessary for students to progress in reading, especially phonics
teaching listening and speaking
prerequisite for reading and writing,
components of grammar
1. parts of speech - 8 parts, building blocks
2. parts of sentence - subject, predicate, complements
3. types of sentences - structure and purpose
4. capitalization and punctuation
5. usage - agreement, tense, verb forms, case
writing process
1. prewrite - gather and organize information
2. draft - ideas in sentence/ paragraph form
3. revise - clarity of ideas
4. edit- grammar. spelling
5. publish/ share - give students an audience
importance of teaching speaking and listening
speaking goes hand in hand with out ability to read and write, and helps collaboration
listening builds comprehension
appropriate strategies for listening and speaking
show and tell, using appropriate hand signals, learning positions, websites, and apps
balanced literacy approach
reading: daily reading application, guided reading, daily independent reading
writing: daily writing application applying skills and strategies, independent writing daily
four components: guided reading, self selected reading,working with words, writing block
what research says about teaching phonics
synthetic phonics - sounding out, embedded phonics - identify words in text, analogy based phonics - first vowel to end of word, analytic phonics - letter sound relationships, phonics through spelling
guided reading
i read, we read, you read - reading along with teacher
self selected reading
students select books to read
five components of reading
phonemic awareness, phonics, vocabulary, fluency, comprehension
stop light verse flash light readers
stop light - stops at every miscue or sentence, flashlight finds a good mid place to stop
benefit to being a flashlight reader - helps with comprehension, able to gather more content, and helps correct miscues
language of opportunity
standard English provides greatest opportunity for post secondary success, model good grammar, be culturally sensitive but uncompromising
links between grammar, writing, and reading
writing should be strongly connected to text and text evidence. student writing should provide evidence for skills in both reading and grammar
integrating writing in all subjects
science- journal of experiments, social studies - letters from particular historical figure's stand point, math - notebook/ journal
Velcro theory
beginning readers (decoding) merging with maturing readers (comprehension) the two overlap
*implications for increasing comprehension skills include overlapping decoding with comprehension
paradign shifts that CC has brought about
building knowledge through content rich non-fiction, reading writing and speaking grounded evidence from text both literary and informational, regular practice with complex text and academic language
close reading
right there in the text, helps students to pull evidence directly from the text
running record
a written record of a students' oral reading, helps track students reading level, making sure they are on the right level, gives the teacher a chance to listen to the student read and record their progress
ways to motivate an unmotivated student
give them a book of their interest, allow them to select the book, encourage through prizes or stuff, make interesting activities
RTI 2
Response to instruction and intervention
*value = multiple levels of interventions, provides it early on for those who need it, relies on assessment data
* can be used throughout the grades in any academic area, prevention approach, and helps close the gap
purpose and value of tiers
tier 1- class wide intervention
tier 2- targeted interventions
tier 3- intensive, individualized interventions
*guaranteed student success, on going effective assessment, progress monitoring, data based, and used to close the gap
expository text
informational text organized around main ideas, students need to be taught how to read and interpret text
narrative text
tells a story, usually in sequential order beginning, middle, and end.
*strategies to teach them- students need to understand characters, theme, setting, problem, and solution
before reading text
introduce the text, look at pictures, important words, prior knowledge, unusual language
during reading the text
support effective reading - can you read the last sentence to me? reinforce what they do well
after reading text
discuss and revisit the text, teach for processing strategies (why this word, read with intonation), extend the text, conduct word work - assessing questions (favorite page, did you like it more than the other book)
parts of speech
1. verb
2.noun
3. adverb
4. adjective
5. pronoun
6. preposition
7. conjunction
8.interjection
parts of a sentence
subject, predicate, complements
types of sentences
structure and purpose
usage (grammar)
agreement, tense, verb form, case
*strongly connected to home language
promotion and retention
several factors to consider:
*academics, attendance, cognitive ability
*physical, sex, size, siblings
*social/emotion- previous retention, peer relations
evaluating software
how easy it for students to learn, price, what technical support comes with it, needs of students