World History Cho. 2

Region of the Middle East in which civilizations first arose

Region within the Fertile Crescent that lies between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers

Site of the world's first civilization, located in southeastern Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia narrative poem that was first told in Sumer

In ancient Mesopotamia, a large, stepped platform thought to have been topped by a templededicated to a city-state's chief god or goddess

System of ranking groups

In the ancient Middle East, a system of writing the used wedge-shaped marks

He reigned from 2334 B.

C. to 2279 B. C. He is known for creating the first empire in Mesopotamia.

The first thing king of the Babylonian empire and is known for writing the first code of law in recorded history.

To arrange or set down in writing

Branch of law that deals with offenses against others

Branch of law that deals with private rights and matters

The king of Babylonian empire from 605 B. C. to 562 B. C. HE lead several military campaigns, which expanded his empire.

System of government through departments and subdivisions administered by officials who follow set rules

Economic system in which goods or services are paid for through the exchange of a token of an agreed value

Economic system in which one set of goods or services is exchanged for another

An Iranian religious reformer and founder ofZoroastrianism and emphasized individual freedom

Territory settled and ruled by people from another land

Writing system in which each symbol represents a single basic sound

Waterfall

Triangular area of marshland formed by deposits of silt at the mouth of some rivers

Ruling family

Title of the rulers of ancient Egypt

Chief minister who supervised the business of government in ancient Egypt

Served for 20 years after Thutmose II

shared power with Queen Hatshepsut before becoming pharaoh

Known for building programs and for the wars he waged

The king of the gods

The god of the afterlife

The god worshiped as the ideal mother and wife

: The preservation of dead bodies by embalming and wrapping them in cloth

The king of Egypt for 17 years and tried to make Aton the only worshiped god

System of writing in which pictures represent objects, concepts, or sounds

Plant used to make a paper-like writing material in ancient Egypt

To figure out the meaning of

Stone monument that includes the same passage carved in hieroglyphics, demotic script, and Greek and was used to decipher the meanings of many hieroglyphics

Their oral literature was preserved by people who later conquered Mesopotamia, their time system is still used today, and the myths and Gods were merged with Sumer's.

In the government, the writing would have allowed them to keep records like taxes and crop totals for the year which would keep them more organized. In their religion, they could write down their prayers and communicate their beliefs to grow the religion.

In time, people turned to war leaders for protection against attackers and they began to rule by heredity, like a Monarchy.

They also had scribes to do work and they had religious duties, like a theocracy.

Some of Sumer's main features were their farming ground, their technology, their advancements in math, their developed culture, and their language.

The floods from the rivers would cause civilizations to be wiped out and forced to start over. It also attracted people to the farming there due to the silt left behind by the floods.

The importance of one Babylonian achievement, Hammurabi's code, is the fact that that they were the first government to write down the laws that would govern the state.

Hammurabi also improved irrigation systems, organized a well-trained army, and made repairs to many temples.

The Hittites had learned to get iron from ore, but they wanted to keep it to themselves. When their empire started to collapse, the iron workers escaped to serve other people. Migration, trade, and conquest spread the news of iron across the lands and thus started the Iron Age.

One influence was the way their government was set up as a bureaucracy. They also created some of the first currency systems. They also respected the cultures and gods of other beliefs.

Each time an empire collapsed or was overtaken the new rule would add the good things from the other empires to their system so each time the land was ruled by a different group of people a problem was fixed and a new one was found to correct.

Instead of a farming based culture, the Phoenician people had a manufacturing and trade based economy which spread their culture to everyone they sold or traded to. As they traveled across the land they brought other cultures with them as well as their own.

The Nile helped connect Upper and Lower Egypt by using the Nile as a highway linking the two regens. It also served as a trade route so Egypt could trade with Africa, the Middle East, and the Mediterranean world.

Many of the Egyptian gods they believed had something to do with the land, water, or crops. Orisis was important because he ruled over the afterlife, but he was also the god of the Nile who controlled the annual flood that caused the land to be fertile. Also, Amon-Re was the sun god which would help their crop.

It tells us that they believed in life after death and that it would be similar to life on Earth so they preserved the body so they would have absolute use over their body in the afterlife.

The developed hieroglyphics, Egyptian writing, papyrus, a paper-like writing material, some medicines, mathematics, astronomy, a study of the sky, and constellations, a calendar, some literature, and advanced art, like pyramids.

First came the pharaoh and the family, then were the government workers under the pharaoh. Then were the scribes, merchants, and artisans and at the bottom of society were peasant farmers and slaves.