Leadership
The ability to inspire confidence and support among the people who are needed to achieve organizational goals
Leadership effectiveness
Attaining desirable outcomes such as productivity, quality, and satisfaction in a given situation
Partnership
A relationship between leaders and group members in which power is approximately balanced
Substitutes for leadership
Factors in the work environment that provide guidance and incentives to perform, making the leader's role almost superfluous
Achievement motivation
Finding joy in accomplishment for its own sake
Assertiveness
Forthrightness in expressing demands, opinions, feelings, and attitudes
Authenticity
Being genuine and honest about your personality, values, and beliefs, as well as having integrity
Core self-evaluations
A broad personality trait that captures bottom-line self-assessment, composed of self-esteem, locus of control, generalized self-efficacy, and emotional stability
Drive
A propensity to put forth high energy into achieving goals and persistence in applying that energy
Emotional intelligence
The ability to do such things as understand one's feelings, have empathy for others, and regulate one's emotions to enhance one's quality of life
Farsightedness
The ability to understand the long-range implications of actions and policies
Flexibility
The ability to adjust to different situations
Insight
A depth of understanding that requires considerable intuition and common sense
Internal locus of control
The belief that one is the prime mover behind events
Practical intelligence
The ability to solve everyday problems by using experience-based knowledge to adapt to and shape the environment
Trust
A person's confidence in another individual's intentions and motives and in the sincerity of that individual's word
Charisma
A special quality of leaders whose purposes, powers, and extraordinary determination differentiate them from others
Leadership polarity
The disparity in views of leaders: they are revered or vastly unpopular, but people rarely feel neutral about them
Management by storytelling
The technique of inspiring and instructing group members by telling fascinating stories
Personal brand
Also, the brand called you, or your basket of strengths that makes you unique
Personalized charismatic
A charismatic leader who exercises few restraints on the use of power in order to best serve his or her own interests
Socialized charismatic
A charismatic leader who restrains the use of power in order to benefit others
Transformational leader
A leader who brings about positive, major changes in an organization
Vision
The ability to imagine different and better conditions and ways to achieve them
360-degree feedback
A formal evaluation of superiors based on input from people who work for and with them, sometimes including customers and suppliers
Autocratic leader
A person in charge who retains most of the authority for himself or herself
Consensus leader
The person in charge who encourages group discussion about an issue and then makes a decision that reflects general agreement and that group members will support
Consideration
The degree to which the leader creates an environment of emotional support, warmth, friendliness, and trust
Consultative leader
A person in charge who confers with group members before making a decision
Democratic leader
A person in charge who confers final authority on the group
Effective leader
One who helps group members attain productivity, including good quality and customer satisfaction, as well as job satisfaction
Initiating structure
Organizing and defining relationships in the group by activities such as assigning specific tasks, specifying procedures to be followed, scheduling work, and clarifying expectations of team members
Leadership Grid®
A framework for specifying the extent of a leader's concern for the production and people
Leadership style
The relatively consistent pattern of behavior that characterizes a leader
Management openness
A set of leadership behaviors particularly relevant to subordinates' motivation to voice their opinion
Participative leader
A person in charge who shares decision making with group members
Pygmalion effect
The situation that occurs when a managerial leader believes that a group member will succeed, and communicates this belief without realizing it
Servant leader
One who serves constituents by working on their behalf to help them achieve their goals, not the leader's own goals
Tough question
One that makes a person or group stop and think about why they are doing or not doing something
Centrality
The extent to which a unit's activities are linked into the system of organized activities
Coercive power
The power to punish for noncompliance; power based on fear
Delegation
The assignment of formal authority and responsibility for accomplishing a specific task to another person
Dependence perspective
The point of view that a person accrues power by other being dependent on him or her for things they value
Empowerment
Passing decision-making authority and responsibility from managers to group members
Information power
Power stemming from formal control over the information people need to do their work
Legitimate power
The lawful right to make a decision and expect compliance
Organizational politics
Informal approaches to gaining power through means other than merit or luck
Personal power
Power derived from the person rather than from the organization
Positive psychological capital
An individual's positive psychological state of development, characterized by four psychological resources: self-efficacy, hope, optimism, and resilience
Power
The potential or ability to influence decisions and control resources
Prestige power
The power stemming from one's status and reputation
Resource dependence perspective
The view that an organization requires a continuing flow of human resources, money, customers and clients, technological inputs, and materials to continue to function
Reward power
The authority to give employees rewards for compliance
Self-leadership
The idea that all organizational members are capable of leading themselves, at least to some extent
Strategic contingency theory
An explanation of sources of power suggesting that units best able to cope with the firm's critical problems and uncertainties acquire relatively large amounts of power
Territorial games
Also referred to as turf wars, political tactics that involve protecting and hoarding resources that give one power, such as information, relationships, and decision-making authority
Apprising
Influence tactic in which influence agent explains how carrying out a request or supporting a proposal will benefit the target personally, including advancing the target's career
Bandwagon technique
A manipulative approach in which one does something simply because others are doing likewise
Co-opt
To win over opponents by making them part of your team or giving them a stake in the system
Coalition
A specific arrangement of parties working together to combine their power
Commitment
The most successful outcome of a leader's influence tactic: The person makes a full effort
Compliance
Partial success of an influence attempt by a leader: The person makes a modest effort
Debasement
The act of demeaning or insulting oneself to control the behavior of another person
Hands-on leader
A leader who gets directly involved in the details and process of operations
Implicit leadership theories
Personal assumptions about the traits and abilities that characterize an ideal organizational leader
Influence
The ability to affect the behavior of others in a particular direction
Leading by example
Influencing others by acting as a positive role model
Machiavellians
People in the work-place who ruthlessly manipulate others
Personal magnetism
A captivating, inspiring personality with charm and charismatic-like qualities
Power
The potential or capacity to influence.
Resistance
The state that occurs when an influence attempt by a leader is unsuccessful: The target is opposed to carrying out the request and finds ways to either not comply or do a poor job
Upward appeal
A means of influence in which the leader enlists a person with more formal authority to do the influencing
Engagement
The current buzzword for the commitment that workers make to their employers
Equity theory
An explanation of motivation contending that employee satisfaction and motivation depend on how fairly the employees believe they are treated in comparison to peers
Executive coaching
A one-on-one development process formally contracted between a coach and a management-level client to help achieve goals related to professional development and/or business performance
Expectancy
An individual's assessment of the probability that effort will lead to correct performance of the task
Expectancy theory
A theory of motivation based on the premise that the amount of effort people expend depends on how much reward they can expect in return
Goal
What a person is trying to accomplish
Instrumentality
An individual's assessment of the probability that performance will lead to certain outcomes
Outcome
Anything that might stem from performance, such as a reward
Self-efficacy
The confidence in one's ability to carry out a specific task
Valence
The worth or attractiveness of an outcome
Creative self-efficacy
An employee's belief that that he or she can be creative in a work role
Creativity
The production of novel and useful ideas
Experience of flow
An experience so engrossing and enjoyable that the task becomes worth doing for its own sake, regardless of the external consequences
Innovation
The process of creating new ideas and their implementation
Kitchen for the mind
A space designed to nurture creativity
Pet-peeve technique
A method of brainstorming in which a group identifies all the possible complaints others might have about the group's organizational unit
Knowledge management (KM)
A concerted effort to improve how knowledge is created, delivered, and applied
Learning organization
An organization that is skilled at creating, acquiring, and transferring knowledge and at modifying behavior to reflect new knowledge and insights
Strategic leadership
The process of creating or sustaining an organization by providing the right direction and inspiration
Strategic planning
Those activities that lead to the statement of goals and objectives and the choice of strategy
Strategy
An integrated, overall concept of how the firm will achieve its objectives
SWOT analysis
A method of considering internal strengths, weaknesses, and external opportunities and threats in a given situation
Assertiveness
As a cultural value, the degree to which individuals are (and should be) assertive, confrontational, and aggressive in their relationships with one another
Cross-cultural training
A set of learning experiences designed to help employees understand the customs, traditions, and beliefs of another culture
Cultural intelligence (CQ)
An outsider's ability to interpret someone's unfamiliar and ambiguous gestures the way that person's compatriots would
Cultural sensitivity
An awareness of and a willingness to investigate the reasons why people of another culture act as they do
Diversity training
A learning experience designed to bring about work-place harmony by teaching people how to get along better with diverse work associates
Employee network (or affinity) group
A group of employees throughout the company who affiliate on the basis of a group characteristic such as race, ethnicity, sex, sexual orientation, or physical ability status
Future orientation
As a cultural value, the extent to which individuals engage (and should engage) in future-oriented behaviors such as delaying gratification, planning, and making investments for the future
Gender egalitarianism
As a cultural value, the degree to which a culture minimizes, and should minimize, gender inequality
Global leadership skills
The ability to exercise effective leadership in a variety of countries
Humane orientation
As a cultural value, the degree to which a society encourages and rewards, and should encourage and reward, individuals for being fair, altruistic, and caring others
In-group collectivism
As a cultural value, the degree to which individuals express, and should express, pride, loyalty, and cohesiveness in their organizations and families
Leadership diversity
The presence of a culturally heterogeneous group of leaders
Multicultural leader
A leader with the skills and attitudes to relate effectively to and motivate people across race, gender, age, social attitudes, and lifestyles
Multicultural worker
A worker who is convinced that all cultures are equally good and enjoys learning about other cultures
Performance orientation
As a cultural value, the degree to which a society encourages (or should encourage) and rewards group member for performance improvement and excellence
Power distance
As a cultural value, the degree to which members of a society expect, and should expect, power to be distributed unequally
Time orientation
As a cultural value, the importance nations and individuals attach to time
Uncertainty avoidance
As a cultural value, the extent to which members of a society rely (and should rely) on social norms, rules, and procedures to lessen the unpredictability of future events
Work orientation
As a cultural value, the number of hours per week and weeks per year people expect to invest in work versus leisure, or other non-work activities
Double-loop learning
An in-depth style of learning that occurs when people use feedback to confront the validity of the goal or the values implicit in the situation
Feedback-intensive development program
A learning experience that helps leaders develop by seeing more clearly their patterns of behaviors, the reasons for such behaviors, and the impact of these behaviors and attitudes on their effectiveness
Leadership succession
An orderly process of identifying and grooming people to replace executives
Mentor
A more experienced person who develops a protégé's abilities through tutoring, coaching, guidance, and emotional support
Self-awareness
Insightfully processing feedback about oneself to improve personal effectiveness
Self-discipline
The ability to mobilize one's efforts to stay focused on attaining an important goal
Shadowing
An approach to mentoring in which the trainee follows the mentor around for a stated period of time
Single-loop learning
A situation in which learners seek minimum feedback that might substantially confront their basic ideas or actions