relapse (models)

-emphasize automatic process of learning-> cues trigger craving and drug seeking responses-learned association between cues and the powerful reinforcement of drugs occur w/o awareness-models have been proposed that may apply to classical conditioning at different stages of drug use

-break associations-unpairing the cue and the reinforcement weakens associations over time

-traditional pavlovian conditioning-bell=bar; food=beer-if you have a craving, you drink

-opponent process theory-attempt to map on classical conditioning (association) to ideal that neural adaption occurs-the actual reward diminishes over time-> if there isn't a huge reinforcement, more drinking occurs

-pair a sick feeling w/ a place (stimulus)-i.e. going through withdrawal bc no drinking is occurring

-suggests that goal of complete abstinence increases likelihood of relapse after single slip-> not consistent w/ AA goals

-widely used cognitive behavioral approach-views addiction as a set of strong learned responses w/ undesirable consequences that can be changed by conscious decision to learn new habits

-lapse creates discrepancy between current state and goal of abstinence-> increases negative affect-> decreases feelings of self-efficacy-> lowers attributions of internal control

-after a lapse, a person's attributions in explaining what happened influence subsequent drinking-> internal vs. external-> stable vs.

unstable-> global vs. specific-"I'm too weak to resist"-therapist can question attributions and suggest others

-help develop rational interpretations of attitudes and feelings-need to recognize external factors in relapse

-low self-efficacy can be associated w/ relapse-changing thinking can increase self-efficacy

-max general self-efficacy = 9.5 to 10 points-lower general self-efficacy = <9.5 points

-classical conditioning is likely a contributor to relapse because associations between stimuli and drug use can produce condition responses (i.e. cravings)-> different models may help to explain relapse at different stages of drug use-cognitive and social learning theory of relapse emphasizes cognitive appraisals of situations, developing coping skills-> does not emphasize abstinence