PSYC&100 Chapter 6

In which of the following may classical conditioning play a role? a.

emotional problems b. the body's immune response c. in all of these cases d. helping drug addicts

Learning by imitating others' behaviors is called __________ learning.

The researcher best know for studying this type of learning is ___________. a. secondary; Skinner b. observational; Watson c. secondary; Pavlov d. observational; Bandura

In promoting observational learning, the most effective models are those that we perceive as... a. similar to ourselves b.

having any of these characteristics c. successful d. respected and admires

Which of the following is an unconditioned response? a. sweating in hot weather b. clapping after a thrilling concert performance c.

running through a maze to get a food reward d. playing jump rope

If the onset of a light reliably signals the onset of food, a rat in a Skinner box will work to turn on the light. In this case, the light is a ____________ reinforcer. a. delayed b.

partial c. conditioned d. primary

You teach your dog to fetch the paper by giving him a cookie each time he does so.

This is an example of... a.

conditioned reinforcement b. operant conditioning c. partial reinforcement d. classical conditioning

If one chimpanzee watched a second chip solve a puzzle for a food reward, the first chimp may thereby learn how to solve the puzzle. This best illustrates... a.

operant conditioning b. respondent behavior c. spontaneous recovery d. observational learning

One difference between classical and operant conditioning is that... a. in operant conditioning the responses are triggered by proceeding stimuli b.

in classical conditioning the responses operate on the environment to produce rewarding or punishing stimuli c. in operant conditions the response are reflexive d. in classical conditioning the responses are automatically triggered by stimuli

A real estate agent showed Gavin several pictures of lakeshore property while they were eating a delicious, mouth-watering meal. Later, when Gavin was given a tour of the property, he drooled with delight. For Gavin, the lakeshore property was a.

.. a. UR b. CR c.

CS d. US

Learning is best defined as... a.

a change in the behavior of an organism b. any behavior produced by an organism without being provoked c. behavior based on operant rather than respondent conditioning d. the process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

Pavlov notices that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person was a(n)... a. primary reinforcer b.

unconditioned stimulus c. immediate reinforcer d. conditioned stimulus

A Skinner box is a(n)..

. a. "slot machine" used to study the effects of partial reinforcement of human gambling practices b. chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward c. television projected device designed for use in laboratory studies of observational learning d.

aversive or punishing event that decreases the occurrence of certain undesirable behaviors.

Regarding the impact of watching television violence on children, most researchers believe that..

. a. there is only a weak correlation between exposure to violence and aggressive behavior b. watching violence on television leads to aggressive behavior c.

aggressive children simply prefer violent programs d. television simply reflects, rather than contributes to violent social trends

An empathic husband who sees his wide in pain will exhibit some of the same brain activity she is showing. According to many researchers, this best illustrates the functioning of.

.. a. extrinsic motivation b. spontaneous recovery c.

cognitive maps d. mirror neurons

Conditioning seldom occurs when a ________ comes after a(n)__________. a.

negative reinforcer; operant behavior b. secondary reinforcer; operant behavior c. UR;CS d. CS; US

Pavlov's research on classical conditioning was important because... a.

it demonstrated an essential difference between animal and human learning b. it highlighted the role of cognitive processes in learning c. so many different species of animals, including humans, can be classically conditioned d. all learning depends on reinforcement

If a sea slug on repeated occasions receives an electric shock just after being squirted with water, its protective withdrawal response to a squirt of water grows stronger.

This best illustrates... a. observational learning b. associative learning c.

spontaneous recovery d. operant conditioning

Punishment is a controversial way of controlling behavior because...

a. of all of these reasons b. punishment often increases aggressiveness c. behavior is not forgotten and may return d. punishing stimuli often create fear

In which form of learning is behavior influenced by its consequences? a.

operant conditioning b. latent learning c. observational learning d. classical conditioning

If you have a "frightening experience" immediately after hearing a strange sound, your fear may be aroused when you hear that sound again.

This best illustrates... a. classical conditioning b. the law of effect c.

spontaneous recovery d. generalization

When Fido learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of his dog chow, this illustrates what? a. shaping b. extrinsic motivation c.

classical conditioning d. observational learning

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning is called a(n) a. primary reinforcer b. neutral stimulus c.

secondary reinforcer d. unconditioned stimulus

Desensitization and imitation are two factors that contribute to a. the law of effect b. instinctive drift c.

spontaneous recovery d. the violence-viewing effect

For purposes of effective child rearing, most psychologists favor the use of a. primary reinforcers over secondary reinforcers b. shaping over modeling c. reinforcement over punishment d.

classical conditioning over operant conditioning

Classical conditioning can be used in pre-school and college. a. true b.

false

From seeing nineteen monkeys open a box that contains a food reward, the twentieth monkey opens a similar box with ease. What do we see in that example? a. observational learning b. respondent behavior c. shaping d.

spontaneous recovery

A response is learned most rapidly and is most resistant to extinction if it is acquired under conditions of a. partial reinforcement followed by continuous reinforcement b. secondary reinforcement followed by primary reinforcement c. continuous reinforcement followed by partial reinforcement d.

primary reinforcement followed by secondary reinforcement

Taking away a driver's license of a reckless teen driver is intended to serve as a a. positive punishment b. negative reinforcement c. positive reinforcement d.

negative punishment

Psychologists define learning as the process of a. acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors b. adapting to the environment c. responding to external stimuli d. reinforcing behavioral responses

To quickly teach a dog to roll over on command you would be best advised to use a. negative reinforcers rather than positive reinforcers b. immediate reinforcers rather than delayed reinforcers c. classical conditioning rather than operant conditioning d.

partial reinforcement rather than continuous reinforcement

Children of abusive parents often learn to be aggressive by imitating their parents. This illustrates the importance of a. observational learning b. delayed reinforcement c.

respondent behavior d. shaping

An event that strengthens the behavior it follows is a(n) a. conditioned stimulus b.

reinforcement c. operant behavior d. unconditioned stimulus

Watson and Rayner studied Little Albert (baby) and how Albert demonstrated specific fears produced in what way? a.

acquired through observational learning b. interfering with the process of learning c. produced through classical conditioning d. used as negative neurons

Voluntary behaviors that produce rewarding or punishing consequences are called a. prosocial behaviors b. respondent behaviors c. operant behaviors d. conditioned responses

Positive reinforcers _________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcers ________ the rate of operant responding.

a. decrease; increase b. increase; decrease c. increase; increase d. have no effect on; decrease

A young child who is spanked after running into the street learns not to repeat this behavior. In this case, the spanking is a a. negative punishment b. negative reinforcer c.

positive reinforcer d. positive punishment

Similar to fetching toys, you can use operant conditioning when teaching your doggie to do what? a. wag its tail whenever it is emotionally excited b. shake hands/paw c. dislike the taste of dead birds d.

fear cars in the street

Which of the following is an unconditioned response? a. sweating in hot weather b. clapping after a thrilling concert performance c.

playing jump rope d. running through a maze to get a food reward

According to researchers and professionals in the field, when physical punishment is used it may also do what? a. lead to the suppression but not the forgetting of undesirable behavior b. have all of these results c. model aggression as a way of coping with problems d.

lead people to fear and avoid the punishing agent