What is the rule for positive/negative reinforcement/punishment?
Positive = begins
Negative = ends
Reinforcement = strengthens
Punishment = weakens
What is a "fixed-ratio" schedule of reinforcement?
Reinforcement occurs after a specific number of responses
What is a "variable-ratio" schedule of reinforcement?
Reinforcement occurs after a unpredictable number of responses
What is a "fixed-interval" schedule of reinforcement?
Reinforcement occurs after a specific amount of time
What is a "variable-interval" schedule of reinforcement?
Reinforcement occurs after a unpredictable amount of time
Define "Classical Conditioning":
- Involuntary, automatic behavior
- Link between two stimulus events
Define "Operant Conditioning":
- Voluntary, optional behavior
- Link between behavior and consequences
Who performed the "most dramatic" classical conditioning experiment with humans, and what was the experiment?
Dr. John B Watson conditioned an 11-month old child to be afraid of rats
What is the 'best time' between an unconditioned stimuli and a conditioned stimuli to achieve the strongest conditioning effect?
Half a second (0.5s)
Who demonstrated operant conditioning with hungry cat-in-box experiments?
Edward Thorndike in the 1890s
What are two types of reinforcers?
- Primary reinforcers have direct biological ties
- Secondary reinforcers don't have direct biological ties, but are learned associations with PRs
Who demonstrated operant conditioning with rats in boxes that received food or electric shocks?
BF Skinner
