Motor Learning Stages & practice

this theory contains 3 stages: cognitive, associative and autonomous

what Fitts & posner stage does this explain:1. Understanding the nature of the task2.

Develop strategies to carry out task3. Determine how to evaluate performancea. Figuring out environment, cuing, exertion (feedforward)4. Performance is variablea. Error range5.

Improvements are quite large6. Changes in performance are quite large, dramatic changes. Blocked practice is most useful

what Fitts & posner stage does this explain:1. Refining the skill learning optimum strategy2.

Less variability in performance3. Focus is on refining the skill4. Improvements are observed rather slowly5. Can last for days, weeks or months

what sort of practice is most useful with the cognitive stage of the fitts & posner model

what Fitts & posner stage does this explain:1. Automaticity of the skill is observed2.

Low degree of attention to performance3. May begin to scan environment and seek out other sensory stimuli4. Very little cognitive effort, don't have to attend to your movement. Changes in performance are even smaller

what stage of the fitts & posner theory are changes in performance the smallest?

what model are the stages: novice, advanced and expert

what systems stage does this describe:a. Simplification of movement to decrease the degrees of freedomb.

Constraining or coupling movementc. Costs of constraining movement-efficiency and flexibilityd. We lock down our degrees of freedom, high amount of energy is used to try to shut down any accessory movement

what systems stage does this explain:a. Performer begins to release degrees of freedomb. Muscle synergies created more coordinated movement which can respond to demands of the task and environmentc. When can I use my momentum or other passive movement.

Feedforward occurs at this stage

what systems stages does this explain:a. All degrees of freedom are released to produce the most efficient and coordinated movementb. Take advantage of muscle mechanics and the environmentc. Exploits mechanical and inertial propertiesd.

Increased movement speed and reduce energy costs

what model includes the following stages:requirement learning stage & fixation/diversification stage

what stage of gentile's 2 stage model does this describe:a. Understanding of the task dynamicsb. Learning to distinguish relevant and non-relevant informationc. Regulatory vs non-regulatory features

what stage of gentile's 2 stage model does this describe:a. Refine movementb.

Learning to adapt to changing environment and task demandsc. Performing consistently and efficiently

what describes the relationship between movement speed and movement accuracy

fitt's law describes this trade off - accuracy (smaller width) causes an increase in the movement time. The faster you move, the larger the target needs for the same target distance.

this practice condition is the amount of time in practice is greater than the amount of rest between trials. Can result in fatigue and affect performance

this practice condition is the amount of rest time between periods is greater or equal to the amount of time for each trial

for these types of tasks, massed practice demonstrates decreased performance w/only slight improvements on retention tests

for these types of tasks, there are no clear results with massed practice

one goal of these practices is to allow the subject to learn how to deal with changes in an open task

these types of practice results in improved ability to perform on transfer tasks and better ability to generalize learning to a new task

these types of practice may be used for tasks that have no variation or need to be generalized

this type of practice is effective in children & adults; more beneficial for women & female children; most effective if arranged randomly than in blocks

this is interference to performance and learning when multiple skills are practiced randomly.

It is theorized that when tasks are practiced randomly, that the entire motor plan must be recalled and put into action, while in blocked practice, the motor plan has already been recalled and is only required to be reactivated repeatedly.

this hinders performance, but actually improves learning

this practice is best used with different coordination patterns/different motor programs are being used for different tasks.

Using this is only useful if the task has naturally occurring parts. Continuous tasks (gait) do not improve with part training.

Can be very helpful in serial tasks (a series of discrete tasks) unless these discrete tasks occur simultaneously and are dependent on one another.

these types of tasks are very rapid, again, part training may not be useful.

this occurs when tasks learned are applied to a new variation in the task or a new environment. This occurs to a new task or environment depends on the similarity between the task/environment learned in and the new task/environment similarity, specifically the neural processing demands.

this must occur in an environment and with a task as close to the transfer task/environment as possible

this type of practice is with mental rehearsal and no physical movement, sometimes referred to as covert rehearsal

this type of practice is superior to mental practice

this type of practice will enhance physical practice during time when physical practice cannot occur

this is beneficial during acquisition of the skill, but no more effective during retention tests than unguided conditions

this may assist the learner in understanding the task of early acquisition but it is detrimental when used past the cognitive stage of learning

guidance learning is useful during what stage of learning

this can be used to decrease fear & allow continual practice, but must be eliminated as soon as it is safe to do so

how much evidence is there that expert demonstration is better than learning models

With gentile's theory this relates to closed skill.

With gentile's theory this relates to open skill