What are at least four processes of life that living things share?
Growth - Increase in size Reproduction - Increase in number, Sexual, Asexual) Responsiveness - Have ability to change internal and/or external properties in reaction to changing conditions around or within. Metabolism - Ability to use nutrients from outside and convert them into energy, structures needed to grow, reproduction and for responsiveness.
Are viruses living entities?
Good question. Some think they are.

They reproduce by hijacking host cells. They do not use a typical process of reproduction. They cannot metabolize nutrients. They do not fit the category of a living organisms.

What is a virulence factor?
A disease causing factor.

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Compare a Prokaryotic cell to a Eukaryotic Cell?
Compare a Prokaryotic cell to a Eukaryotic Cell again?

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Identify the main parts of a Prokaryotic cell.
What is the function of flagellum?
Movement - To move away from toxic objects
What is the glycocalyx?
Outer covering Glyco = Sugar Calyx = Cup Sticky substance that surrounds the outside of the cell
Is there a membrane around the membrane of a prokaryotic?
No
Are there organelles in a prokaryote?
A few Ribosomes are present. Storage granuales to store nutrients.
What is the composition of the Glycocalyx?
polysaccharides, polypeptides or both
What are the two coats a Glycocalyx can have?
Capsule and Slime Layer
What is the composition of the slime layer?
It is a loose water-soluble substance.
What is the function of slime layer?
Attachment to other cells - Example includes staphylococcus epidermidis.

What is staphylococcus epidermidis?
Found on skin and normally not harmful. If a drug user get it into his or her blood stream it can get to the heart and adhere (SLIME LAYER) to heart valve. Then it will build a colony near the heart. This will cause subacute endocarditis.
What is streptococcus mutans?
Present in mouth and adheres to enamel via Glycocalyx. If it could not adhere to enamel if would not survive.

It causes dental cavities.

What is the capsule?
Organized repeating units of organic chemicals firmly attached to the cell surface
What is the function of the capsule?
Attachments firmly to cell surface. It also acts as protection
What is the purpose of the flagella?
Aid in survival in certain environments Used for movement

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What are the structures of the flagella?
What is the main organisms that causes urinary tract infection?
80% if caused by E Coli It travels up the urethra against urinary flow to the kidneys.
What are the four Flagellar Arrangement?
Monotrichous - A single flagellum at one pole Amphitrichous - Single flagella at both poles Lophotrichous - Two or more flagella at one or both poles of the cell Peritrichous - Completely surrounded by flagella
What are fimbriae?
Sticky bristle like shorter than flagella and the function is attachment
What is an example of fimbriae as a virulence factor?
Pathogenic N. gonorrhea adheres to urinary epithelium.

What are biofilms?
A biofilm is an aggregate of microorganisms in which cells adhere to each other on a surface. Attach other bacteria
What are Pili?
Tubules composed of protein Pilin Longer than fimbriae but shorter than flagella One to few per cell Found in gram negative.
What is the function of Pili?
Conjugation transfer of DNA
What is the cause of middle ear infection?
Biofilms - this makes it resistance to penicillin. Cervical adjust have a good prognosis.

Where is the cell wall in a bacteria?
Surrounds cytoplasmic membrane
What is the purpose of the cell wall?
Protect the bacteria and provide it shape
What is the composition of the cell wall?
Composed of Peptidoglycan (PTG)
What are the two subunits of the Peptidoglycan?
- N-acetylglucosamin (NAG & N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) - Subunits are joined by covalent bonds to form glycan chain - Glycan chains held together by string of four amino acids Tetrapeptide chain - These crossbridges are the "peptido" portion - Distinguishes Gram positive from Gram-negative
What are Lysozymes?
They can destroy the glycan chain.

Present in tears, sweat, breast milk, and other secretions. They can destroy bacteria. Breaks bond linking NAG and NAM

How does penicillin effect the Peptidoglycan?
Penicillin inhibits synthesis of Tetrapeptide chain Prevents cross-linking of glycan chains by tetrapeptides More effective against Gram positive bacterium
What are the two types of cell walls?
Gram Negative and Gram Positive
Describe the Gram Positive cell wall?
Relatively thick layer of PTG as many as 30

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What gives the Gram Positive cell wall its negative charge?
Polyalcohol teichoic acid component of PTG Teichoic acid covalently likned to lipid forming lipoteichoic acid
Describe the Gram Negative cell wall?
Only contains thin layer of PTG. Maybe 2 to 3 layers. More complex than Gram Positive.

What is in the outer layer of the gram negative cell wall?
lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
What is the function of the lipopolysaccharides (LPS)?
LPS severs as barrier to a large number of molecules It is also used to help identify strains of the bacteria.
Small molecules or ions pass through channels in the gram LPS called?
Porins
What are portions of LPS that are medically significant?
• O-specific polysaccharide side chain • Lipid A
What is the O-specific polysaccharide side chain?
Opposite location of Lipid A - Used to identify certain species or strains Directed away from membrane Example: • E. coli O157:H7 refers to specific O-side chain
What is Lipid A?
Portion that anchors LPS molecule in lipid bilayer Plays role in recognition of infection Molecule present with Gram negative infection of bloodstream Endotoxin It is really toxic. When the
What is endotoxin responsible for in humans?
Shock, High Fever, & Low Blood Pressure.

Where is the Peptidoglycan in a gram negative cell wall?
Sandwiched between the LPS and Cell Membrane.
Can penicillin break down Peptidoglycan in a gram negative cell wall easily?
It is harder to get to so they are resistant to penicillin
What is the differences in staining characteristics between gram Positive and Gram Negative?
Gram-positive bacterium retain crystal violet- iodine complex of Gram stain Gram-negative bacterium lose crystal violet- iodine complex
Which part of Gram Negative Cell acts as an endotoxin?
Lipid A
List factors that will act as a virulence factor?
Glycocalyx Flagella fimbriae Cell Wall Pili All Structures
Between Gram Positive and Gram negative bacteria infection, in your opinion which infection will be more fatal?
Gram Negative - Due to Resistant to Penicillin and Endotoxin is released.
What is the of the bacteria that does not have a cell wall?
Mycoplasma AKA Pleomorphic Has no cell wall so it does not have a specific shape.
What is Mycoplasma?
Bacterium causes mild pneumonia
What accounts for the strength of the membrane in mycoplasma?
Sterols in the cytoplasmic membrane
Does penicillin destroy Mycoplasma?
No, it does not have a cell wall so it does not.
What is walking pneumonia?
It is a mild form of pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma.

It is atypical.

What type of cell walls do Archaea have?
Have a wide variety of cell wall types Does not contain peptidoglycan but other stable polysaccharides