matter
Anythin that takes up space and has mass
energy
Ability to do work
decomposition reaction
A molecules is broken down into smaller components
dehydration synthesis
Two molecules are joined by removing H from one and OH from the other, forming water.
synthesis reaction
The formation of a large molecule from smaller components.
hydrolysis reaction
A compound is split apart by adding water to it.
Microbiology
The study of microscopic organisms
microbe
Microscopic organisms
biogenesis
Life from life
spontaneous generation
Life from non living material
cell theory
All living things are composed of cells and all cells come from previously existing cells
germ theory of disease
Microorganisms cause diseases.
biofilms
Microbes attach to solid surfaces and grow into masses; on rocks, pipes, teeth and medical implants
Chromatophore
Specialization of the plasma membrane in photosynthetic bacteria; location of bacteriochlorophyll
mesosome
Infoldings of plasma membrane which increase surface area
plasmid
Extrachromosomal DNA for unusual traits
hypertonic
Concentration of salt outside the cell is greater than inside the cell; net movement of water out of cell
hypotonic
Concentration of salt inside cell is greater than outside; net movement of water is into the cell
isotonic
Concentrations inside and outside of cell are the same.
metabolism
the sum of all the chemical reactions in an organism
anabolism
Uses energy and building blocks to build large molecules; ATP to complex molecules
catabolism
Degredative breakdown of large molecules provides energy and building blocks for anabolism
enzyme
protein catalysts which speed up the rate of chemical reactions to biologically useful level by lowering activation energy
coenzyme
Nonprotein organic compound activator
cofactor
nonprotein component
apoenzyme
inactive protein portion
holoenzyme
apoenzyme plus cofactor
oxidation
removal of electrons
reduction
gain of electrons
endergonic
energy require to synthesize large molecules
exergonic
energy released when molecules are broken down
feedback inhibition
product of sequence of reactions will inhibit first enzyme of pathway
exoenzymes
produced in cell; function out to hydrolyze large molecules, often to utilize as foodstuff or as part of invasive process of pathogens
endoenzymes
produced and funtion in cell; aerobic resperation
glycolysis
Oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid produces ATP and NADH
Turnover number
Maximum number of substrate molecules metabolized/enzyme/sec
fermentation
Releases energy from oxidation of organic molecules; does not need oxygen; no Kreb's Cycle or ETC; uses organic molecules as final electron acceptor.
Nutrients
Chemical substances aquired from environment and used in metabolism and growth
Essential Nutrients
Nutrients required for metabolism
Synergism
members cooperate to produce a result neither could achieve alone
antagonism
Normal flora prevent overgrowth of potential pathogens; competition between the 2 groups
binary fission
Replication of DNA, copies of chromosome attached to membrane, septum separates 2 identically sized cells, peptidoglycan laid down between 2 units, other wall components added, cells remain attached or seperate.
bacterial growth
Increase in numbers of microorganisms
fastididious
_____ microorganisms are those with increased nutrient requirements