Human development CHAPTER 4

A birth that occurs 3 or more weeks before the full 38 weeks of the typical pregancy-that is, at 35 or fewer weeks after conception.

A term for a baby whose birthweight is significantly lower than expected, given the time since conception. For example, a 5-pound newborn is considered SGA if born on the time but not SGA if born two months early.

Certain teratogen is harmless in small doses but becomes harmful once exposure reaches a certain level. (the threshold) Quit smoking during first week = harmless Keep smoking = Teratogen

Agents and conditions that can harm the pernatal brain, imparing the future of the childs intellectuall and emotinal functioning. Hyperactive, antisocial, learning disability (such as drugs, alchohol, stress, malnutrition etc.)

Agents and conditions, inculding virues, drugs, and chemicals, that can impair prenatal development and result in birth defects or even death. (such as alcohol, drugs, stress, malutrition etc.)

A woman who helps with the birth process.

A professional who attends child birth (tradition in Latin America) Arive at mothers home and work along side hospital staff to assist in delivery. Basicly a Mid-wive.

1. Babys positions as process begins. 2.

1st stage, cervix dilates to allow passage of babys head. 3. Transition: Babys head moves into birth canal (vagina) 4. 2nd stage, Babys head moves through opening, crowns. 5.

Baby emerges completely.

The age (22 weeks) which a fetus may survive outside the mothers uterus, if specialized medical care is available. SImply means life outside the womb is possible.

1st Trimester (1-3months): Sex organs develop, Neurological sex differences begin. Head develops.

Remember this: 3 months, 3ounces, 3 inches. 2nd Trimester (4-6 months): Heartbeat gets stronger, digestive system develops. Fingernails, toenails, teeth buds, hair (including eyebrows) grows. Brain size increases. Central Nervous System becomes responsive. 3rd Trimester (7-9 Months): Each day increses odds of survival, born 7 months = medical support.

Born 9 months = healthy baby. Lungs expand and contract, valves in heart goes through final maturation (as well as veins and arterys). Mother and childs relationship intensifies. Fetus get startled by nosies and kicks and turns.

Reconizes mothers voice.

The name for a developing human organism from the start of the ninth week after conception till birth.

Embryo: Name for developing human organism weeks 3-8 after conception. Critial Period: A time when a particular type of developmetal growth (in body or behavior) must happen if it is ever goign to happen.

10 Days after conception, developing organism burrows into the placenta that lines the uterus, to be nourshed and protected while it develops.

9 weeks - birth Fetus gains 7 pounds, organs mature and function on their own.

2-8 weeks The basic forms of all body structures, including internal organs, develop.

0-2 weeks Prenatal development after conception, rapid cell division, begining of cell differentation.

A body weight at birth of less than 5 1/2 pounds. Cognitive difficulties as well as visual and haring impairments. They may cry more, pay attention less, disobey, and experience language delays. Even in adulthood, some risks persist.

Higher rates of obesity, heart disease, and diabetes.

Fetal weight normally doubles in the last trimester of pregnancy, with 900 grams (about 2 pounds) of that gain occuring in the final three weeks. Thus a baby born preterms (three or more weeks early; no longer called premature) is probably LBW.

When a fetus is alrady at risk because of low birthweight, preterm birth, genetic abnormality, or exposure to a teratogen, or when a mother is unusually young, old, small, or ill, birth complication become likely.

A disorder that results from damage to the brain's motor centers.

People with this diease have difficulty with muscle control, so their speech and/or body movements are impaired.

A lack of oxygen that, if prolonged, can cause bairn damage or death.

A test often admisistered to newborns that measures responsiveness and records 46 behaviors, including 20 reflexes.

Reflex: An unlearned, unvoluntary action or movement that responds to a stimulus. A reflex occurs without conscious thought.

3 Sets: Reflexes that maintain oxygen supply, breathing reflex, reflexive hiccups and sneezes, as well as thrashing. Reflexes that maintain constant body temperature, when they are cold they shiver, and tuck in their legs close to their bodies. When they are hot they push away blankets. Reflexes that manage feeding, the sucking reflex causes newborns to suck anything that touches their lips.

Roothing reflex, swallowing, crying, and spitting all manage feeding.

During pregnancy, supportive father help mother to stay healthy, well nourished, and drug-free. Fathers absence correlated with long labor, cesarean sections, and other complications.

The five vital signs: Color, Heartbeat, Reflex irritability, Muscle tone, and Respiratory effort. Score of 7> all is well Score of 7< Needs medical attention Score of 4< Emergency Care is needed

A new mother's feelings of inadequacy and sadness in the days and weeks after giving birth.

Causes: Financial stress or marital problems, unprepared or alone, health, feeding, or sleeping problems.

Cooperatoin between a mother and father based on their mutual commitment to their children. The parents support each other in their shared parental roles.

The strong, loving connection that forms as parents hold, examine, and feed their newborn. It has been claimed that this bond develops in the first hours after birth when a mother touches her naked baby.

A form of newborn care in which mothers (and sometimes fathers) rest the baby between their breats, like a kangaroo that carries her imature newborn in a pouch on her abdomen.