CH. 2- Gender

biological the biological distinction between females and males

XX for females, XY for males

ovaries for females, testes for males

greater proportion of estrogen and progesterone than testosterone in females; greater proportion of testosterone than estrogen and progesterone in males

fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina for females; epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles for males

vulva for females, penis and scrotum for males

those with mixed or ambiguous genitals

social contruct social construct which refers to the social and psychological characteristics associated with being female or male Ex.

women as moody and easily embarrassed Men as competitive and sarcastic

the process through which we learn attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors appropriate to the social positions we occupy

the psychological state of viewing oneself as a girl or a boy, and later as a woman or a man

a condition in which one's gender identity does not match one's biological sex - ex. transsexualism

displayed sex and true sex don't match a generic term for a person of one biological sex who displays characteristics of the other sex

individuals who dress or present themselves in the gender of the other sex (may be heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual)

an individual with the biological and anatomical sex of one gender (for example, male) but the self-concept of the other sex (that is, female) **They live full-time in the role of the gender opposite their biological sex

social norms which specify the socially appropriate behavior for females and males in a society; socially defined

roles defined by biological constraints and can be enacted by members of one biological sex only- for example, wet nurse, sperm donor, child-bearer

the proper role relationships between women and men in society

aka sociobiology; social behaviors (ex. gender roles) are biologically based and have an evolutionary survival function

part of biosocial theory; any investment by a parent that increases the offspring's chance of surviving and thus increases reproductive success

• emphasizes the roles of reward and punishment in explaining how a child learns gender role behavior • contrasts with biosocial theory • learning also occurs when parents or peers offer direct instruction (ex. girls wear dresses) or by modeling

• children acquire the characteristics and behaviors of their same-sex parent through a process of identification • Girls identify with their mothers and boys identify with their fathers

• Reflects a blend of biological and social learning views • The biological readiness of a child, in terms of cognitive development, influences how the child responds to the gender cues in the environment

the ability to identify social and psychological characteristics associated with being female or male, begins at about age 30 months

family race/ethnicity religion education economy mass media **each agent of socialization reinforces gender roles that are learned from other agents of socialization, thereby creating a gender role system that is deeply embedded in our culture? all affecting relationship choices

the concentration of women and men in different occupations

• tends to be less role rigidity

• women given little freedom, and are forced to be completely dependent on men • women are oppressed • role of women in rural areas is one of submissiveness • patriarchal social structure • self-immolation continues at a steady rate

• diverse family patterns, but often women and their children are the primary family unit- fathers of children rarely live in the home • when men do live with women, division of labor prevails (women taking care of domestic and child-care tasks) • view motherhood- not marriage- as the symbol of their womanhood o about half of all female household heads have never been married

• a diverse continent • East Africa (ex. Kenya)- gender roles are in flux • Roles are very separate and prescribed, with most authority and power in the men's domain • South Africa- African family has traditional role relationships and patriarchy

less income feminization of poverty higher risk for STIs negative body image less personal/marriage satisfaction

the idea that women (particularly those who live alone or with their children) disproportionately experience poverty

an attitude, action, or institutional structure that subordinates or discriminates against individuals or groups because of their biological sex

the belief that women are innocent creatures who should be protected and supported

cutting off the clitoris or excising (partially or totally) the labia minora

o Longer life expectancy o Stronger relationship focus o Keep relationships on track o Bonding with children

identity synonymous with occupation limited expression of emotions fears of intimacy custody disadvantages shorter life expectancy

higher status and power higher incomes and easier to climb corporate ladder rarely targets of sexual harassment freedom of movement greater available pool of potential partners norm of initiating a relationship

a blend of traits that are stereotypically associated with masculinity and feminity (ex.

Adam Lambert); flexibility of traits

mixed body parts intersexed individuals

mixed behaviors blending or reversal of traditional male and female behavior, so that a biological male may be very passive, and a biological female may be very assertive

a view of androgyny that is devoid of the negative traits associated with masculinity (ex. aggression) and femininity (ex. being passive)

• abandoning gender frameworks and looking at phenomena independent of traditional gender categories • easier for women than men, because our culture values masculinity putting all things aside and not letting certain molds dictate our lives

• abandons the notion of gender as natural and emphasizes that gender is socially constructed

6 or 7 years old

sister-sister

-both reflect and shape gender roles -typically conform to traditional gender stereotypes -depict exploitation, victimization, and sexual objectification of women

-gender roles are becoming more equal -independence and ascendency of women

biological sex: either sexual orientation: either

biological sex: male sexual orientation: gay

biological sex: either sexual orientation: either

A person who sometimes wears clothes traditionally worn by and associated with the opposite sex; typically a male who cross-dresses occasionally by habit or compulsion. generally have less or no desire to change their sex; they simply enjoy being able to cross-dress from time to time.

sex

androgyny

social learning theory

gender role

longer life