EDU PSYCH Exam 1 — 2

One aspect of making observations and drawing inferences from those observations is that

The grade retention policies of many schools are examples of

Strengths of the scientific method include all of the following except

A characteristic of scientific research in educational psychology is that it has a

After Mateo, a student in your class, reads a series of scientific articles discussing the value of multiple vitamin supplements in preventing heart disease, he approaches you and remarks, "I'm confused. If all of these scientists are studying the same issue and they are all using the scientific method, why aren't they all coming to the same conclusions?" Your response should emphasize that

As scientific data accumulates that runs counter to currently accepted ways of thinking, it is best if scientists

A teacher who views the discipline of teaching as both an art and a science is likely to be

Being a teacher is somewhat analogous to being

On Elizabeth's birthday she was given a lottery ticket. When the drawing was held the numbers drawn matched those on her ticket and she was given two hundred cookies. She immediately concluded that the best way to obtain cookies was to buy a lottery ticket. Her conclusion is a product of

One example of how unsystematic observation may lead to poor educational policies or decisions is

investigate the effectiveness of forehead bandages on the retention of information among high school seniors in his school district

Research in educational psychology usually focuses on

Educational psychologists who are familiar with research findings

The ongoing relationship between educational psychology research and practice is most like

Erikson uses the epigenetic principle to hypothesize that personality development is related to

According to Erikson, personality growth occurs in eight stages that are characterized by

Which of the following most clearly describes a form of parental behavior that would lead to desirable child development during the psychosocial stage Erikson described for two- and three-year-olds?

According to Erikson, teachers can help students between the ages of four and five develop in a healthy fashion by

Which of the following classroom practices would be most appropriate for children at Erikson's stage of industry versus inferiority?

According to Erikson, if Robert has successfully resolved the psychosocial crisis of adolescence, he is now able to

Seventeen-year-old Sarah has always enjoyed science, particularly biology and chemistry. She dreams of enrolling in pre-veterinary medicine in college. Her mother is a housewife who never had any vocational ambitions, and her father has always felt that women should focus on teaching or nursing careers. Since her parents don't encourage her in the field of veterinary medicine, Sarah eventually becomes ambivalent about her college plans and finally enrolls at a teacher's college. Sarah's situation is an example of

James Marcia proposes the existence of four identity status categories by assessing the presence or absence of

According to Marcia's identity status theory, moratorium types are more likely than other types to

Piaget would probably view the development of a system of classification of animals and plants as evidence of our need to

Which of the following best describes Piaget's concept of a scheme?

A four-year-old child sees an adult dwarf walking down the street and exclaims, "Look at that little boy!" This child, who has no previous reference point for dwarfs, is engaging in which process?

A student is told by his science teacher that toads are not reptiles, as the student had originally thought. The student checks an animal taxonomy (classification) book out of the library in order to determine exactly what toads are, if not reptiles. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, this student is attempting to

According to Piaget, all but which of the following are characteristic of children in preschool and the primary grades (i.e., between the ages of two and seven)?

According to Piaget, which of the following is not an impediment to logical thought in the preoperational stage?

A child who is concrete-operational is

As an example of mastery of formal operations, a teacher might ask students to

Which of the following is not characteristic of adolescent egocentrism?

If a teacher follows the suggestions given by Piaget, the best way to enhance a student's understanding of some historical event will be to

According to two recent reviews of the literature on the development of cognition, one might expect that the principle of conservation

A frequent criticism of Piaget's work on the development of cognition in young children is that

Contrary to the findings of Piaget, several researchers have concluded that

Ms. Fortunato, a secondary school teacher in the United States, is interested in how Piaget's findings might apply to children in preindustrial countries. Recent evidence suggests that

"Typically, then, parents and schools will shape children's thought processes to reflect that which the culture values." To which cognitive development theorist does the previous statement best apply?

According to Vygotsky,

Vygotsky believed that psychological tools are best learned

Vygotsky's research on the cognitive development of children indicates

preconventional morality as described by Kohlberg

A student who is at the stage of conventional morality (as described by Kohlberg) makes moral decisions on the basis of

Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory is useful for teachers

The idea that personality development follows a predictable pattern with identifiable benchmarks best reflects the

Human beings are naturally curious and want to learn about the world around them. Likewise, they need to feel secure in knowing that they can freely explore the world without fear of embarrassment or self-doubt. These statements most closely reflect Erikson's

You have decided that the students in your kindergarten class will no longer be allowed to participate in unstructured play or imagination activities. These types of activities, in your opinion, are a waste of learning time and have no place in a solid curriculum. Your thoughts largely ignore the need to resolve which of the following psychosocial crises?

Rhonda, a sixth grader, loves to work in her father's wood shop crafting items that she designs. Often, however, when she approaches her father about letting her work with him, he dismisses her requests and tells her that she should "help your mother in the kitchen and stay out of my way." According to Erikson, Rhonda

Brian is an only child whose father is a president of a large corporation, while his mother is a lawyer at a busy law firm. Brian has always enjoyed the company of other children partly, he believes, because he wasn't around children much except at school. He is particularly intrigued with young children's development and is thinking of majoring in early-childhood education in college. His parents are not happy with Brian's decision, and his father puts a great deal of pressure on him to major in business or pre-law. Brian isn't sure what to do. His situation is an example of

Which of the following is not one of the components of identity as defined by Erikson?

In an attempt to scientifically validate Erikson's notions about identity, Marcia interviewed youths about their

According to Marcia's identity status categories, an identity-diffusion type would

According to Marcia, what identity status is usually the last to emerge developmentally?

Erikson's theory holds that adolescents create an identity for themselves by actively exploring alternative beliefs, career options, and interpersonal relationships, and then making a choice. This contention appears to be

Based on what he has seen at the circus, Larry came to believe that all elephants were docile. Recently, on his first African safari, he approached an elephant with the intention of petting it. Sensing Larry's presence, the elephant wheeled around and proceeded to charge. Larry must now adjust his elephant behavior scheme. According to Piaget, Larry must

Stella, who has always believed that wolves stalk and kill human beings, learns that they are actually quite wary of humans and rarely attack them. Consequently, she joins an environmental group that is dedicated to reintroducing wolves to areas where they once lived. This behavior is a reflection of

Infants between birth and age two acquire an understanding of the world around them by

Which of the following illustrates Piaget's concept of egocentric behavior most clearly?

Which of the following is true of most children in the stage of concrete operations?

Which of the following is true of most children in the stage of concrete operations?

As part of an ongoing debate about cognitive development and the role of instruction, two recent reviews on the subject have concluded that

According to research summarized by Kamii (1984) and original research conducted by Epstein (1980) on Piaget's work, we can probably infer that

Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development suggests that teachers should emphasize

Which of the following best reflects the concept of scaffolding?

Computer conferencing, videoconferencing, and real-time chatting provide students with opportunities to debate controversial issues with peers having different perspectives. According to Piaget, these students will most likely experience which one of the following?

Using computers in the classroom to simulate expert peers or collaborative partners to enhance learning supports

Piaget's work in moral development suggests that the typical six-year-old

Sally loves to shoplift. Though she doesn't need any of the items she steals, she enjoys the rush of the heist and has not been able to curb her appetite for theft. She is embarrassed by her problem and decides to enroll in a "Thieves Anonymous" program. Sally's decision to enter the program has probably been motivated by what type of thought?

A four- or five-year-old child who has begun to develop a theory of mind

At what grade level do most children first begin to realize that learning and recall are governed by cognitive processes that one can control?

By fifth and sixth grades, children are often likely to

Juvenile delinquents are most likely to exhibit which of the following characteristics?

Which of the following concepts would an elementary student most likely have difficulty comprehending?

The early-maturing male middle school student is likely to draw favorable responses from adults because he

On the basis of research summarized in the text, which of the following groups is most likely to be popular and carefree during adolescence but experience difficulties in adulthood?

An eleven-year-old girl who appears to be going through puberty is

The discussion of such issues as sexuality, abortion, and the role of prayer in school is

Owing to the psychological changes experienced by adolescents, which of the following would improve learning in a middle school environment?

A high school student who is exhibiting signs of being depressed is most likely to be a

The concepts of negative set and a sense of loss may be related to all of the following except

On the basis of research on students' political thinking during adolescence, which of the following might you expect to occur if you asked secondary school students to set up a class court?