The most common reason teachers give for choosing a teaching career is
a desire to work with young people
Teachers most often say their greatest contribution to society is helping children to
achieve their potential.
According to teacher and researcher Jean Anyon, teachers are natural agents for improving society because
their values align with that purpose.
Teachers who say their passion for a subject was a major reason for their choice of a teaching career most commonly teach in
high schools.
In the United States, the percentage of new teachers who leave the field of teaching in the first five years is between ___ and ___ percent.
40; 50
During and immediately after America's Civil War, the demand for teachers rose sharply in the South, mainly due to the educational needs of
newly freed slaves.
Which of the following best expresses the major purpose of the progressive education movement?
to create an environment for helping to improve American life.
One of the most important effects of the growth of high schools in the early twentieth century was that it offered teachers new opportunities for
specialization and higher pay.
Teachers who served in the Peace Corps during its early years were employed mainly to
promote American principles abroad.
The nationwide move to require all public school teachers to have completed a bachelor's degree took place during the ________.
1950s
Which of the following was one of the major effects of school desegregation on teachers during the decade after the Supreme Court's Brown v. Board of Education decision?
Many black teachers lost their jobs.
Support for "teacher-proof" curricula was based on the assertion that
students should be protected from poor teaching.
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 attempted to strengthen public schools by
providing federal financial aid.
Christopher Jencks' 1972 book, Inequality: A Reassessment of the Effects of Family and Schooling in America, placed most of the blame for unequal student achievement on
economic inequality.
Recent research cited by Haycock suggests that unequal student outcomes could be dramatically improved by placing a priority on
teacher quality.
Current research indicates that on the whole, teachers' potential impact on student learning is
significant.
In a recent Public Agenda Foundation study, when teachers were asked if they had as much influence on student performance as parents and environments, the results showed that teachers
are divided on this question.
In addition to her other noteworthy accomplishments, Ella Flagg Young was famous for her opposition to
close supervision of teachers.
In a study of grade school students in Dallas, Texas, the math test scores of students taught by highly effective teachers _______, while the scores of those taught by the least effective teachers ________.
improved; declined
Recent statistics show that over 50 percent of U.S. high school students are taught physical science by teachers who
did not specialize in physical science.
Bransford et al. believe that most students can learn more when teachers have a better grasp of
pedagogical techniques.
When Richard Light asked college students to name their most influential professors and why, they typically cited the professor's ability to
help them connect with the subject matter.
Poor parent-teacher relations are often based on differing backgrounds and perspectives that lead to
mistrust.
Asian American parents may be reluctant to become involved with their children's schooling for the following cultural reason:
They consider it outside their proper role.
According to Comer, parental involvement in schools
generally improves academic achievement.
In Bonnie McReynolds's PIE Program to promote parental involvement in their children's schooling, parents are
offered several different ways to become involved.
The total number of students attending American public schools is
increasing.
Which of the following demographic changes is expected to occur in American schools in the next 20 years?
European Americans will no longer outnumber today's ethnic minorities.
Currently, more than 50 percent of immigrants to the United States come from
Latin America.
Which of the following is true of the category of Black Americans?
No single ethnicity can be assumed.
Citizenship Schools were created in the South in the 1950s to promote _________ among African American adults.
literacy
At present, a majority of Hispanic students in New York and much of the Northeast are of ________ descent.
Puerto Rican
The ENLACE program was created to
encourage Hispanic students to stay in school.
The overall goal of nineteenth-century government schools for Native Americans was to
convert them to participation in European-American culture.
The relaxation of federal controls and the growth of tribal gaming revenues has had which of the following effects on Native American schools?
They are better funded and more culturally distinct.
A common stereotype of Asian Americans is that they are ________ students.
model
The U.S. Supreme Court's 1954 Brown v. Board of Education ruling overruled a previous Supreme Court decision that public services could be segregated if they were
equal.
Of the following, the most significant problem for gay and lesbian students in public schools is
harassment from peers.
White, middle-class teachers are often unaware of their positions of ________ in society.
privilege
One problem with a "color-blind" approach to teaching minority students is that this approach may
fail to meet important needs.
Which of the following best explains why there was little effort to ensure public school access for all American children before the 1960s?
It was considered acceptable for some to have limited education.
Girls were not encouraged to receive the same education as boys in the mid 20th century mainly because of perceptions about their limited
career options.
Since 1970, the proportion of American students who have completed high school has been about ___ percent.
75
The modern era of inclusion for all students began when Congress passed a law banning discrimination on the basis of
race or national origin
Edith Green stated that her basic motivation for sponsoring Title IX was to ensure
equal opportunities for men and women in higher education.
Inappropriate special education placements commonly occur when
student difficulties are labeled as disabilities.
A child who spoke only German in 1870s Milwaukee would probably have received what kind of schooling?
German-language schooling
Which of the following best explains why bilingual education declined in the United States during the early twentieth century?
More people considered it unacceptable.
Many U.S. schools are 80-year-old buildings with stairs, doorways, fixtures, and other features that creates obstacles for students in wheelchairs. Federal law requires that
facilities pose the least restrictive environment possible.
Why does federal law require that parents be included on a special education student's diagnostic team?
to involve parents in making decisions about their children's education
Which of the following is true about the position of parents regarding inclusion?
Parents differ widely on inclusion decisions; there is little consensus.
Inappropriate special education placements commonly occur when
student difficulties are labeled as disabilities.
In most American school districts, the predominant approach to special education is
inclusion.
Aristotle based his approach to learning on
observation and contemplation.
Learning from experience is a theme most closely associated with the educational philosophy of
John Dewey.
In Paideia Proposal, Adler contends that the best way to ensure that all children receive a quality education is to
teach everyone the same curriculum using the same standards.
The scholar bell hooks urges teachers to cross traditional boundaries. Which of the following best summarizes what this means?
Address issues and ideas outside the curriculum.
All of the following are commonly used in B. F. Skinner's approach to teaching EXCEPT
self-guided discovery.
In Vygotsky's theory, the practice of providing support and immediate feedback to the student learning a new skill, then gradually withdrawing the support, is called
scaffolding.
Fundamental to Vygotsky's theory is that learning is a(n) ________ process.
social
As a student, you struggled with algebra. A constructivist might say that you failed to
find enough meaning in algebra.
School programs often convey mainstream values that may conflict with minority cultures. How can teachers best respond?
Be continuously aware of culture as you teach.
Howard Gardner began the line of inquiry that led to his theory of multiple forms of intelligence because
he felt the single-general-intelligence approach did not adequately model the real world.
Sasha is excellent at higher mathematics, while Enid is a gifted writer. In Gardner's theory,
both are high in certain forms of intelligence.
Traditional schooling is believed to most strongly favor ________ learners.
auditory
Which of the following best expresses why it is good for teachers to understand multiple learning styles and multiple forms of intelligence?
One can more effectively teach students with varying needs.
In the words of Remillard and Houle, the form of curriculum that is the learning experience that actually occurs in the classroom is called the _________ curriculum.
enacted
The first question in the Tyler rationale for curriculum development is about
educational purposes.
The teacher confirms the success of curriculum by
formal evaluation.
Elliot Eisner's criticism of the Tyler rationale is that, taken as a whole, it is too
limited.
Some countries have education systems that place students in secondary schools based on career tracks
science, professions, trade, and so on. Which of the four curricular schools of thought does this most closely align with? : developmentalists
A curriculum such as Adler's Paedeia Proposal, devoted to core subjects and great works, would most closely align with which of the four curricular schools of thought?
humanists
Which of the following best illustrates the so-called hidden curriculum?
values and biases that are unstated but ongoing
Influenced by groups such as the Physical Science Study Committee in the 1950s and 1960s, science instruction in U.S. schools began to place less emphasis on textbook learning and more emphasis on
laboratory experiments.
One of the primary goals of multicultural education was to
help eliminate discrimination.
Early in the multicultural education era, feminist groups criticized existing history books for their focus on ____________ history.
political and military
The demand for multicultural education originated with
interest groups.
A major criticism of multicultural education is that it might undermine the
development of American identity.
Goals 2000 was adopted to provide local school districts with
suggested long-term objectives.
The "risk" to America that was described in the 1983 report, A Nation at Risk, was
a loss of global competitiveness and security.
To meet federal No Child Left Behind requirements, most states evaluate school progress against educational standards by examining
test scores.
Schools have increased the time they devote to instruction in the courses that must be tested under federal law; most gain this extra time by
trimming it from non-tested course time.
What is meant by the expression "teaching to the test"?
Focusing the curriculum on producing strong standardized test scores
One of the primary goals of progressive education was to
make schoolwork more relevant to students.
In John Dewey's philosophy, effective instruction should be put in the context of
discovery.
In Vito Perrone's model of progressive schooling, curriculum needs to be connected to
student interests.
Which of the following most clearly involves extrinsic motivation?
Competing with other classes for an award
The jigsaw activity motivates students by making them
learn and teach.
The need for effective classroom management is based on the rationale that
the environment must be in control for learning to take place.
A basic premise behind the zero-tolerance approach to classroom management is that students
must understand that they can choose rewards or punishments.
Which of the following is most important for teachers to maintain productive classrooms?
preparation
Ross W. Greene assumes that students "act out" in class because they have
unsolved problems.
To be most effective, teacher feedback on student tests and assignments should be
detailed and timely.
Grading rubrics are used mainly to
provide consistency and fairness.
As an assessment goes to higher levels in Bloom's taxonomy, the student must demonstrate
deeper understanding.
Of the following, the most significant benefit of the increasing use of technology in classrooms is that it
lends itself to exploration and discovery by students.
Seymour Papert argues that computers and technology are potentially very useful learning tools simply because
students love them.
A federal study found that a weak point with most schools' approach to technology is that they spend too little on
computer training.
Postman is most concerned about technology's impact on
values.
Someone is most clearly using cyberbullying tactics against you when they post e-mail messages that
attack or ridicule you.
Sherry Turkle would urge teachers to consider how computers affect
students' thinking processes.
How does technology use in schools reinforce discrimination?
By using constructs familiar to more well-off students
Of the following, the most sophisticated use of computers for learning is
simulations and applications.
Gender stereotypes are strongly reinforced in
video games.
It is easy to copy other people's work with a computer and claim it is your own; the best way to discourage this in your classes is to
help students to understand why it is wrong.
A major factor in the adequacy of current teacher salaries is
the local cost of living.
Two-tiered teacher salary schedules persisted into the 20th century in order to pay
less to women and minorities.
Of the following, the most significant disadvantage of tenure systems is that
it is hard to remove ineffective teachers.
The NEA originated as an organization controlled by
administrators and professors.
The status of U.S. teachers with regard to union membership is that________ are union members.
most
Right-to-work laws, as applied to teachers, are intended to
empower teachers' unions.
Teacher unions are perceived by some as barriers to educational reform because of the perception that
bargaining agreements stifle innovation.
An important part of introducing innovative classroom methods is to
gain early support from students, parents, and others.
The most significant of Adam Urbanski's proposals for reforming teacher unions is
taking the lead in promoting educational excellence.
When 800 teachers were asked in 2005 to name their biggest challenges, the challenge most commonly mentioned was
communicating with parents.
In her study of teacher isolation, Susan Moore Johnson concluded that most teachers want more
independence.
Technology has had the greatest impact on teachers'
access to resources.
Conflicts between teachers and administrators most commonly occur because of differing
priorities.
The best time to build connections with parents is
early in the school year.
A review of the research on the impact of class size on achievement indicates that
there is no clear consensus in the research results.
Teachers in the Project STAR study in Tennessee concluded that
smaller classes promoted better learning.
The results in Project STAR were measured by
standardized test scores.
Proponents of using video games as learning experiences point to the ________ students develop for them.
passion
One of the main reasons teacher tenure was introduced was to
remove the influence of politics on teachers' job security.
The traditional way in which U.S. public schools put a first-year teacher on the job is to
give the teacher full responsibility for the class from the first day
Which of the following resulted from the evolution of teaching into a women's profession?
Teacher salary levels fell
The belief that teachers can make little difference in their students' lives is most commonly based on the assumption of
outdated administrative rules.
Which of the following barriers to achievement are students from poor, immigrant families most likely to impose on themselves?
low expectations
In Horace Mann's view, teachers must focus their efforts on
student needs.
As graded schools evolved in the early twentieth century, the forces of specialization and standardization on teachers resulted in a
growing demand for more highly skilled teachers.
A major factor that continues to create legal segregation in U.S. schools is
economic background
The growing lack of ethnic diversity in U.S. public schools is considered a bad trend mainly because it produces
substandard services for poor children.
Jerome Bruner's model of learning is a student interacting with information and the environment and making progress by means of
growth
The early civil rights argument in favor of educational standards was based on the need to
assess progress toward equality between schools.
Which of the following best illustrates negative motivation?
Getting to class on time to avoid detention
In the early 20th century, teaching was often a patronage job, which meant that it
was offered on the basis of political connections.
The United States federal government formally recognized the right of teachers to join unions in
1961.
There is a growing trend in U.S. schools to provide additional support for first-year teachers in the form of
Mentors
The "From Teasing to Torment" study found that the most common reason students are harassed in schools is because of their
sexual orientation
Which of the following was the most significant effect of Title IX on vocational education in American schools?
abolishment of stereotypes
Which of the following best summarizes the bilingual approach to schooling?
teaching across the curriculum in the first language while also teaching students to speak English.
Piaget's stages are important to education because they indicate that
children cannot learn before they are ready.
The learning style that learns best from reading is the ________ style.
visual
The subject area that aroused the most disagreement over curricular standards was
math
Dewey attributed students' resistance to schoolwork largely to
the manner in which instruction was forced on them.
A high school social studies teacher has a habit of belittling his students in class. His students are most likely to respond by
losing respect for him.
A major challenge to using technology for instruction is that
teachers often still struggle to use it effectively.
Teacher compensation is better than that of most other professions in the area of
pensions
Right-to-work laws, as applied to teachers, are intended to
make union membership voluntary.
In her study of teacher isolation, Susan Moore Johnson concluded that most teachers want more
collaboration
Deborah Meier's successes and leadership philosophy at Central Park East Secondary School were based on
democratic decision making.
The California Supreme Court's Serrano vs. Priest decision in 1961 declared that unequal school funding violated the _____ clause of California's state constitution.
equal protection
The U.S. Supreme Court defended the existing system of local school funding in a 1973 ruling. One of the major arguments in the majority opinion was that the Constitution does not protect ________ rights.
educational
The argument that more equal school funding has led to better educational outcomes in New Jersey is based on
improved test scores and graduation rates.
From the standpoint of fairness, the main problem with tracking or ability grouping in classes is that
children tend to know how they are viewed.
Developmental psychologist G. Stanley Hall believed that high schools should
recognize the vast ability differences between students.
John Dewey's opposition to vocational education was based on his view that it
restricted personal development.
Schools that eliminate tracking in the curriculum are most effective when expectations are
high for all students.
The number of students who drop out of high school each year in the United States is a little over
1 million
Which of the following is the best predictor that a student will drop out of high school?
poor attendance
Michelle Fine's research in the 1980s suggested that dropping out generally resulted from a feeling of
exclusion.
Improving graduation rates in the nation's most troubled schools will require
multiple intervention strategies.
The discrepancy in test scores between white and minority students is equivalent to
three or four grade levels.
Self-segregation of African-American students is seen by Beverly Daniel Tatum as a means of
social support.
The 2007 Supreme Court decision on voluntary desegregation stated that students could not be
assigned to schools by race.
The highest-profile federal court decisions regarding schools have had to do with
segregation and discrimination.
The Supreme Court's Tinker, et al. v. Des Moines decision was based on the constitutional guarantee of
free speech rights.
The Supreme Court's Engel v. Vitale and Abington v. Schempp decisions meant that U.S. public schools could no longer offer
prayers and devotions.
In the 1983 report, A Nation At Risk, the basic "risk" it described was the
declining quality of public education.
The main purpose of the federal Race to the Top initiative is to
improve educational outcomes.
Which of the following best describes the basic concept behind charter schools?
To receive more flexibility in return for more accountability.
Under the No Child Left Behind law, what right is given to parents of children who attend a school that fails to make adequate yearly progress for two consecutive years?
They can send their children to another, non-failing school in the district.
Which of the following best summarizes the goal of the accountability movement?
Measurable gains in learning
Which of the following best describes the current status of the teaching of evolutionary theory in U.S. public schools?
Most schools teach it, although in some places creationist theories must also be discussed.
Education is a political issue in most states because
education policy is set by elected officials.
The entity responsible for governing a school district is a(n)
school board.
In the United States, teacher licensure typically requires
a bachelor's degree with specific courses in education.
The essence of democracy is
active citizen participation.
What does the Constitution of the United States say about one's right to an education?
It doesn't mention a right to education.
Thomas Jefferson's vision for education encompassed
free white males.
Horace Mann's position on publicly funded schooling was that
funding the schools was a citizenship duty.
Combining all of a community's children in the same schools was part of Horace Mann's vision of
unifying all classes of people.
A group of free black citizens in Boston, Massachusetts, petitioned for an end to racial segregation in schools in
1846
One reason that former slaves in the post-Civil War South were eager for education was that they wanted
to be more free.
One of Dewey's distinctive contributions to the notion of schools as essential to democracy was his insistence that
schools needed to model the goals of a democratic society.
The journal Rethinking Schools has become an important voice in the educational community to promote the schools' role in
improving society.
The hallmark of Lisa Delpit's approach to progressive education is
respect for all.
"External things that make for a good education," which are not evenly distributed in the United States, are understood to include
engaged parents.
Harlem's Promise Academy produces exceptional results with underprivileged students by emphasizing
self-discipline.
The licensing of teachers is done to
establish their qualifications.
The actual hiring of teachers is typically carried out by
administrators in individual districts.
Most teachers qualify for state licensing by
getting a college degree in education.
The curricula for schools of education in U.S. colleges and universities are largely established in conformance with
state and accrediting agency requirements.
The best reason to obtain multiple teaching licenses is to
qualify for more positions.
Some states allow people to become teachers through "alternative routes" because of
a high need for teachers in certain areas.
Required state teacher examinations were re-introduced in most states during the 1990s as part of the
quality/accountability movement.
When you apply for a teaching job, you may be asked for a statement of your philosophy of education to assess your
fit for the position.
In your teaching portfolio, you will typically present your teaching philosophy in a
reflective statement.
The best new teacher induction programs emphasize
community enculturation.
The best way to avoid burnout and attrition is to
collaborate with like-minded teachers.
The major purpose of creating a Personal Learning Network is to
gather resources to enhance and enrich your continuous learning.