Chapter 13 – Education

Espenshade, Chung, and Walling (2004) studied admission to elite colleges and found that Group A was four times more likely to gain admission, and Group B was three times more likely to be admitted. Groups A and B are, respectively:

Cultural capital refers to:

The SAT was developed in order to provide children from public schools with a chance to demonstrate their fitness for college and to show they were as able as students from private high schools. It is therefore ironic that:

With regard to biological or genetic differences between people, sociologists have found that:

What is the relationship between birth weight and education?

Which of the following is NOT a finding of research examining the effects of class size on educational achievement?

What might be a reason that upper-status students score higher on SATs?

With regard to the effects of families on children's educational outcomes, which of the following is true?

Which of the following trends in current educational achievement is NOT supported by research evidence?

Which of the following examples would NOT be supported by the research findings on the influence of home characteristics on education?

William, a 17-year-old high school student, chooses products in the grocery store by looking at the pictures on the labels of the goods on the shelves because he cannot read many of the words. William would be considered:

According to your text, approximately what percentage of the nation's population 16 years and older is innumerate?

All of the following are among the best practices for effective teaching listed by Langlois and Zales EXCEPT:

Which of the following is NOT an argument against tracking in schools?

When studies control for family background characteristics, the SAT:

Which of the following is NOT a sociological criticism of the idea that IQ affects educational outcomes?

With regard to research on the effects of race and social class on education outcomes, which of the following is true?

What was the nature of the scandal surrounding the SAT Reasoning Test in the spring of 2006?

Though she graduated from high school, Jenny does not possess the skills necessary to balance her checkbook or make change for a customer without the aid of a cash register. Jenny is:

A prominent hypothesis about the effect of family size on children's educational outcomes is the:

At 9:05 A.M., the bell rings and children file into their third-grade classroom. The first student to sit at his or her desk-book open and pencil ready to write-wins a star for the day. The students love this little bit of competition. This example of nonacademic socialization (which can teach students the benefit of competition) can be referred to as the:

Boys are more likely to engage in risky behaviors and experience problems at school; boys are also more likely to ____________ than girls.

Social capital is:

When classrooms are divided into ability levels, type of preparation, or according to future plans, it is called:

In part because of their educational success, which group has been called the "model minority" in America?

Affirmative action practices refer to policies that:

Which of the following illustrates the concept of cultural capital?

According to Bourdieu, the three types of cultural capital are:

Which of the following is a factor affecting the strong academic performance of Asian Americans?

One of the major reasons Native Americans were placed in boarding schools for 60 years was:

Research has shown that the ____________ the family, the ____________ the children's achievement on test scores and grades.

Which of the following is NOT an argument in support of the sorting function served by schools?

One of the major reasons that lower-status parents use more directives and teach their children to be more obedient than inquisitive is that they:

Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of Project STAR?

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in your text as a criticism of using the SAT as a college admissions criterion?

The research on teacher quality demonstrates that:

Thomas transfers to a new school when his family moves to a new district, and he is placed in a classroom with students who have slightly higher average math grades than he does. Thomas is concerned that he will fall behind. Based on the research, what is the most likely outcome?

According to Espenshade and Chung (2005), eliminating affirmative action programs would do which of the following?

One of the most interesting findings from the Coleman Report was that:

Suzanne and Jessica are best friends. Both have been in the same classes throughout elementary school and have performed similarly with respect to grades. Suzanne's dad owns his own company and her mom is a lawyer. Jessica's dad is a plumber and her mom works at Wal-Mart. All other things being equal, which is a true statement?

According to functionalist theories of education, which of the following would NOT be a function of the American education system?

the process through which academic, social, and cultural ideas and tools, both general and specific, are developed.

the nonacademic and less overt socialization functions of schooling.

the information, knowledge of people, and connections that help individuals enter, gain power in, or otherwise leverage social networks.

a way of dividing students into different classes by ability or future plans

an overemphasis on credentials (e.g., college degrees) for signaling social status or qualifications for a job.

a set of policies that grant preferential treatment to a number of particular subgroups within the population - typically, women and historically disadvantaged racial minorities.

an individual's position in a stratified social order.

symbolic and interactional resources that people use to their advantage in various situations.

when members of a negatively stereotyped group are placed in a situation where they fear they may confirm those stereotypes.

hypothesis stating that parental resources are finite and that each additional child dilutes them.

functional illiteracy plagues about ____________ percent of the nation's population 16 years of age and older

innumeracy is experiences by ____________ percent of the population ages 16 and older

____________ programs might focus on carpentry or mechanical schools

____________ schools train doctors and lawyers

people can deliberately invest in knowledge and skills, called (blank), that make them more productive and bankable

the nonacademic socialization and training that take place in the schooling system

who coined the term hidden curriculum

under the banner "____________" Americans set up boarding schools, such as the Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania, which took children as young as sick away from their families to teach them more "civilized" ways of life

1910-1970 in Australia an estimated 100,000 Aboriginal and "half-caste" children were taken from their families and made legal wards of the state - these children were placed in British-run camps or schools they are known as the...

Pitirim Sorokin argued that schools are

____________ was conducted in 1964, 10 years after Brown v. Board of Education, when public schools throughout the nation were still highly segregated

what did the Coleman Report find?

Coleman Report found that certain differences such as (2 things) could be attributed to:

a longitudinal, four-year study, provided evidence that schools with smaller classes significantly benefited their students compared to schools with larger classes

after dividing the private institutions into Catholic and non-Catholic schools, researchers determined that ____________ schools were the most successful in preparing students academically, particularly students from disadvantaged backgrounds

James Coleman and Thomas Hoffer suggest that the strong effects of the Catholic schools stem from the large amounts of ____________ in the community

any relationship between people that can facilitate the actions of others

Richard Arum and Yossi Shavit ascertained that students who graduated from ____________ tracks were less likely to be unemployed and more likely to enter the workforce as skilled laborers

____________ students enrolled in Catholic schools actually do better than Catholic students

although tracking gives some students educational advantages, it disproportionately awards these advantages to those who are already ____________

in the early 1960s Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson visited an elementary school at the beginning of the academic year and administered IQ tests, which measure cognitive abilities such as verbal and numerical reasoning and knowledge, to all students - they then ____________ at the end of the school year, the researchers ____________ concluded ____________

when teachers hold higher expectations for certain students, these students responded by meeting teacher expectations - this process is called the ____________ or more commonly the self-fulfilling prophecy

most effective teaching methods: (4 things)

in 1910 fewer than ____________ percent of men and women over age 25 had a college degree - by 2008 this number had jumped to ____________ percent of the population

how can we explain the differences between the percent of people with college degrees in 1910 and 2008?

which perspective is: the rise of education boils down to simple supply and demand

which perspective is: according to this perspective of education the dramatic increase in college graduation may be traced to American views on education and the expansion of the school system in the twentieth century

the conflict perspective also provides an explanation for the rise of (blank): an overemphasis on credentials for signaling a social status or qualifications for a job

research confirms that the SAT accurately predicts not only freshmen year GPA but a variety of other outcomes, including: (3 things)

the SAT only accurately predicts that college outcomes for ____________ students

in a study of admissions practices at elite schools, Thomas Espenshade, Chang Chung, and Joan Walling found that despite low SAT scores ____________ and ____________ were likely to be admitted into elite colleges

a set of policies that grant preferential treatment to a number of particular subgroups within the population - typically, women and historically disadvantaged racial minorities (see page 8 in notes for myths and truths)

can we trust IQ to be reliable?

symbolic and interactional resources that people use to their advantage in various situation

who coined the term cultural capital?

Pierre Bourdieu recognized three distinct types of cultural capital:

when researchers have controlled for ____________, many of the black-white educational gaps are significantly narrowed - after factoring out class differences, African Americans had a greater chance of graduating from high school, were 44% less likely to be held back a grade, and were equally likely to be suspended or expelled from school as white students

a related psychological process that might contribute to black under-achievement, particularly in high-stakes testing situations, is (blank): when members of a negatively stereotyped group are placed in a situation where they fear they may confirm those stereotypes

a final explanation for African American underachievement that refuses to die out is the idea that racial differences in intelligence are ____________

____________ score lower on the SATs, have a higher rate of repeating grades, and are suspended or expelled at higher rates than white students

____________ have the highest high-school dropout rate of any minority group in the nation

____________ consistently score higher on tests of math ability, having higher GPAs, and going to college at higher rates

in recent years ____________ have been less likely to repeat a grade or drop out of high school

which gender outperforms the other in national reading and writing tests and scores roughly equal in math

____________ attend college in higher numbers and are more likely to graduate

make up a larger proportion of those taking calculus and science AP tests, and, on average

____________ score higher on every AP test except foreign language

three factors (within the family) that have significant impact on education achievement include:

the bigger the family...

families with siblings spaced close together have students with...

the ____________ child is the one who suffers from less parental monetary investment and runs a greater risk of being held back a grade (particularly boys)

What was the name of the landmark court ruling that mandated desegregation of American schools?

Marilee Jones, former dean of admissions at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), resigned from her position in April 2007 after it came to light that she had fabricated her academic record and claimed to have academic degrees she did not have. While this is an extreme case, it illustrates the overemphasis on qualifications such as college degrees in order to be hired for a job. This is known as:

Which of the following would NOT be an example of social capital?

Taking into account students' family backgrounds, ____________ schools tend to outperform ____________ schools in preparing children academically.

With regard to race and high school graduation rates, which of the following is correct?