BIO 156 CHAPTER 12

the analysis of DNA samples that can be used to determine whether the samples come from the same individual

test the suspected criminals, identify tissue samples of victims, resolve paternity cases, identify contraband animal products and trace evolutionary history of organisms. Can also be used in courts.

creation of genetically modified crops and identification and treatment of genetic diseases.

the manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products

to make bread using yeasts and selectively breed livestock for desired traits

extra ring of DNA and bacteria

studying and manipulating genetic material modifying specific genes moving genes between organisms

small circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the larger bacterial chromosome

any gene

Vectors, DNA carriers that move genes from one cell to another

gene cloning - the production of multiple identical copies of a gene carrying piece of DNA

constructed when scientists combine pieces of DNA from two different sources to form a single DNA molecule

in genetic engineering - the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes

by transferring the gene for a desired protein into a bacterium or yeast.

An enzyme, essential for DNA replication, that catalyzes the covalent bonding of adjacent DNA nucleotides; used in genetic engineering to paste a specific piece of DNA containing a gene of interest into a bacterial plasmid or other vector.

cut DNA at a specific site, Nucleotide sequences called Restriction Sites, on a chromosome

The entire collection of DNA segments from an organism's genome. Each segment is usually carried by a plasmid or phage.

use reverse transcriptase and sytnthesize the gene by using an mRNA template

an automated DNA machine makeing Genes from scratch

the worlds first genetically engineered pharmaceutical product was sold

Repetitive DNA - makes up much of the DNA that lies between genes in humans and consists of nucleotide sequences that are present in multiple copies in the genome

a techniques to copy quickly and precisely a specific segent of DNA and can generate enough DNA from small amounts of blood or tissue for DNA profiling

are short sequences of DNA and repeated many times, tandemly in the genome

compares the lengths of DNA fragments and uses gel electrophoreses

a method for sorting macromolecules - usually proteins or nucleic acids - A mixture of molecules is placed on a gel between a positively charged electrode and a negatively charged one; negative charges on the molecules are attracted to the positive electrode, and the molecules migrate toward that electrode. The molecules separate in the gel according to their rates of migration.

human insulin was produced by genetically modified bacteria

gigantic fermentation vats filled with a liquid culture of bacteria - used for Diabetes

medically valuable molecules such as - human growth hormone (HGH), The hormone erythropoietin (EPO), Vaccines

hormone that stimulates production of red blood cells

harmless variants or derivatives of a pathogen used to prevent infectious diseases

study of complete set of genes (Genomes)

study of complete set of proteins in an organism

organisms that have acquired one or more genes by artificial means

a gene from another organism ( different species)

a fatal disease and caused by a single defective gene that prevents the development of the immune system

Bone marrow transplant or gene therapy - this has cured 22 children with inborn SCID - tho four of the children has fatal side effects developing leukemia.

roughly half of the corn crop and more than three quarters of the soybean and cotton crops are genetically modified

bacterial proteins that act as a natural antifreeze, protecting the plants from cold weather

harmless proteins derived from the cholera bacterium and may one day serve as edible vaccines

Animals whose genes have been modified for medical purposes of humans EX: enter gene to code after a mammary gland promoter so that a protein is made and put into milk

to carry a gene for human hemoglobin, which can be isolated and used in human blood transfusions.

the production of multiple identical copies of a gene-carrying piece of DNA

a bacterial plasmid and the gene of interest that is spliced into a plasmid by process of restriction enzymes and DNA ligase

biologists produce large quantities of a desired protein

The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes.

using PCR and gel electrophoresis. DNA profiling can be used to determine whether two samples of genetic material were derived from the same individual.

A shotgun approach can yield millions of recombinant plasmids carrying many different segments of foreign DNA, A collection of cloned DNA fragments that includes an organisms entire gnomic library

nucleic acid probe, consisting of a short single strand of DNA with a complementary sequence and labeled with either a radioactive isotope or a fluorescent dye

reverse transcriptase and synthesize the gene by using an mRNA telate or use an automated DNA - synthesizing maching and synthesize a gene of interest from scratch

Compare sequences in the genome that vary form person to person, investigate Murder, Paternity and Ancient DNA

bands of gel

the different lengths of the DNA fragments

DNA molecules are exposed to a restriction enzyme, producing fragments that are compared and made visible using Gel Electrophoresis

began in 1990, was a massive scientific endeavor to - determine the nucleotide sequence of all the DNA in the human genomome Identify the location and sequence of every gene

99% of the genome had been determine to be 99.999% accurate, about 3 million nucleotide pairs were identified, 21000 genes were found and 98% of the human DNA was identified as non-coding

for specific diseases, such as Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's