Astronomy Ch. 5 – 10

Bohr Model

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

Emission

Absorption

Doppler Effect

As a blackbody becomes hotter, it also becomes_____ and ______.

Which of the following factors does NOT directly influence the temperature of a planet?

Two stars are of equal luminosity. One is twice as far from the other, the closer star appears:

(T/F) Blue light has more energy than red light.

(T/F) Cooler objects emit more of their total light at shorter wavelengths than hotter objects

Beam 1 has half the wavelength of beam 2. How do their frequencies compare?

Momentum is a product of:

At what wavelength does your body radiate the most energy?

What is the surface temperature of a star that has a peak wavelength of 290 nm?

If photons of blue light have more energy than photons of red light, how can a beam of red light carry as much energy as a beam of blue light?

Refracting Telescope

Reflecting Telescope

All large astronomical telescopes are reflectors because:

One telescope has an aperture of 20 cm and one has an aperture of 30 cm, which should you choose and why?

The kepler mission telescope observes primarily in visible light. this telescope is located in space because

Which of the following can be observed from Earth's surface?

Arpeture

Chromatic Abberation

Diffraction

The major advantage CCDs have over other imaging techniques is that:

Spacecraft are the most effective way to study planets in our Solar System because:

(T/F) Chromatic aberration is a problem that limits the image quality of reflecting telescopes

(T/F) Radio telescopes are often used in interferometric arrays to increase light-gathering power

One of the reasons why the hubble space telescope has better spatial resolution than a 4-m ground based telescope is that it has large mirror

The light-gathering power of a 4-meter telescope is _______than that of a 2-meter telescope.

The part of the human eye that acts as the detector is the

Astronomers put telescopes in space to

The angular resolution of a ground-based telescope is usually set by:

Which of the following causes the biggest problem in detecting infrared photons from an astronomical object?

Robotic landers are more common than simple-return spacecraft because:

Place the following events in the order they occur during the formation of planetary system:

If the radius of an object's orbit is halved, what must happen to the speed so that angular momentum is conserved?

Accretion Disk

Unlike the giant planets, the terrestrial planets formed when:

Planetary systems in the Milky Way Galaxy are probably:

Extrasolar planets have been detected by the:

The terrestrial planets and the giant planets have different composition because:

The spectroscopic racial velocity method preferentially detects...

Spectrograph

The concept of disk instability was developed to solve the problem that:

When extrasolar planets were first discovered, they were surprising, and astronomers had to:

(T/F) A cloud of interstellar gas is held together by gravity

Is a molecular cloud held together by gravity?

(T/F) Gravity and angular momentum are both important in the formation of the planetary system.

(T/F) Volatile materials are solid only at low temperatures.

Volatile material

(T/F) The solar system formed from a giant cloud of dust and gas that collapsed under gravity.

(T/F) Microlensing similar to the transit method in that both require the planet to pass in front of a bright object.

Since angular momentum is conserved, an ice-skater who throws her arms out will do what?

Clumps grow into planetesimals by:

If the radius of an object's orbit is halved, what must happen to the speed so that the angular momentum is conserved?

The amount of angular momentum in an object depends on what?

The spectroscopic radial velocity method of planet discovery measures a motion that is most like the motion of what?

The planets in the inner part of the Solar System are made primarily of refractory materials; the planets in the outer Solar System are made primarily of volatiles. The reason for the difference is that:

Which of the following planets still has its primary atmosphere?

If scientists want to find out about the composition of the early Solar system, the best object to study are:

The discovery of "hot Jupiter" planets close to their central star led to the theoretical model of what?

Protoplanetary Disk

Planet Migration

______,_______, and _________ build up structures on the terrestrial planets, while in general, ________ tears them down.

If crater A is inside crater B, we know that:

Scientists learn about the interior structure of planets by using- (choose all that apply)

If a radioactive element A decays into radioactive element B with a half life of 20 seconds, then after 40 seconds:

______ are compressional, while ______ oscillate perpendicular to the line of travel.

Earth's interior is heated by:

Lava flows on the moon and Mercury created large, smooth plains. We don't see similar features on Earth because:

What is the process by which heavier molten material sank deeper into the planetary core, leaving the outer layers made of lighter material?

How do scientists know the history of Earth's magnetic field?

(T/F) Volcanism has been present on all terrestrial planets. How do we infer that volcanism was a process that was present on other terrestrial worlds (mercury, mars, the moon)?

(T/F) Impact cratering no longer affects the terrestrial planets.

The geological processes that shape a planet have ceased on Earth.

Large worlds are geologically active longer than smaller worlds because:

(T/F) Wind erosion is an important process on Venus.

Out of the four processes that shape the surface of the terrestrial world, the one with the most potential for catastrophic re-arrangement is:

Geologists can find the relative age of impact craters on a world because:

Geologists can find the actual age of features on a world by:

Impacts on the terrestrial worlds and the Moon:

Comparative planetology

Earth has fewer craters than Venus. Why?

Imagine that you are rock collecting in Arizona and you find rock containing shock-modified quartz. You immediately know the rock:

Scientists can learn about the interiors of terrestrial planets from:

Convection

Place in chronological order the following steps in the formation and evolution of Earth's atmosphere:

Mercury has (essentially) no atmosphere because:

Rank these planets where the atmospheric greenhouse effects are the strongest (to weakest):

Earth's atmosphere is much different in composition than Venus's atmosphere because:

If your body were not in hydrostatic equilibrium with the air, it would:

The difference in climate between Venus, Earth, and Mars is primarily caused by:

What does Earth's magnetosphere do?

Auroras do not happen on the Moon, because the Moon:

Studying climate on other planets is important to understanding climate on Earth because:

(T/F) The current atmosphere of the terrestrial planets were formed when the planets formed

(T/F) Life is responsible for the presence of oxygen in Earth's atmosphere

(T/F) The atmospheric greenhouse effect occurs on Earth, Venus, and Mars

(T/F) The temperature of Earth has measurably risen over the past 100 years.

(T/F) The fraction of CO_2 in Earth's atmosphere is at the highest level measured in the last 450,000 years.

Venus is hot and Mars is cold primarily because:

The atmosphere of Mars is often pink-orange because:

Convection in the ______ causes weather on Earth

Auroras are the result of:

The ozone layer protects life on Earth from:

Hadley circulation is broken into zonal winds by:

Hadley circulation

Earth experiences long-term climate cycles spanning _____ of years.

Over the past 800,000 years, Earth's temperature has closely tracked:

Uncertainties in climate science are dominated by uncertainty about:

Jupiter and Saturn have compositions similar to the sun and are called:

Uranus and Neptune are called:

As depth increases, _____ and ______ increase, causing changes in the chemical composition of clouds in the atmospheres of the giant planets

(T/F) A giant planet has a solid surface that marks an abrupt change from the a gaseous atmosphere

The following steps lead to convection in the atmospheres of giant planets. Place the steps in order.

Consider a northward-traveling particle of gas in Jupiter's northern hemisphere. According to the Coriolis effect, which way will this particle of gas turn?

Deep in the interiors of the giant planets, water is still a liquid even though the temperatures are tens of thousands of degrees above the boiling point of water. This can happen because:

Oblateness is a property of a planet's __________; obliquity is a property of a planet's __________.

Oblateness

Obliquity

Imagine a giant planet, very similar to Jupiter, that was ejected from its solar system at formation. (Such objects exist and are probably numerous, although their total number is still uncertain.) This planet would almost certainly still have:

Metallic hydrogen is not:

(T/F) Uranus has extreme seasons because its poles are nearly in the plane of the Solar System.

(T/F) All the giant planets have clouds and belts.

(T/F) Water never forms visible clouds in the atmospheres of giant planets.

(T/F) Storms on giant planets last much longer than storms on Earth.

(T/F) The cores of the giant planets are all similar.

Neptune's existence was predicted because:

A stellar occultation occurs when:

A stellar occultation can be used to measure the:

The Great Red Spot on Jupiter is:

The different colors of clouds on Jupiter are primarily a result of:

Zonal winds on the giant planets are stronger than those on the terrestrial planets because:

Weather on Earth is driven by __________; weather on Jupiter is driven by_________.

The magnetic fields of the giant planets:

Equilibrium temperature of the Earth (with atmosphere)

To survive passage through the Earth's atmosphere without burning or breaking up before it hits the ground, an asteroid must be:

(T/F) During summer in the northern hemisphere of Mars, the polar ice cap melts and liquid water flows outward from it in rivers.

Consider an external solar system in which there are three terrestrial planets. All are located far from other objects so tidal forces aren't significant. If planet A has a radius of 1 Earth radius, and planet B has a radius of 2 Earth radii, and planet C has a radius of 3 Earth radii, which planet has the highest chance of having at least a partially liquid core and a detectable magnetic field?

(T/F) The interior of the Earth is hot mainly because of the pressure induced by the weight of the material above it

The Moon has a diameter that is approximately one-fourth that of Earth. If these objects' interiors are heated by radioactive decays, and the total amount of energy in decays is proportional to the object's volume, then how does the amount of heat the Moon has compare to that of Earth?

Which is NOT a reason for the large size of volcanoes on Mars as compared to Earth's smaller volcanoes?

The large feature spanning the surface of Mars in the figure above is _________ and probably was created by _________.

(T/F) On Mars, water ice is present primarily at its polar ice caps.

Permanent magnetism in the Earth's solid iron core is the source of Earth's magnetic field.

What makes carbon dioxide a highly effective greenhouse gas?

The temperature differences between night and day on the Moon and Mercury are very small because they have so little atmosphere.

Auroras are caused by:

What could have caused the planets to migrate through the Solar System?