AP World History Vocabulary 1450 to 1750

ruler with complete control over the government and the lives of the people.

During the 17th and 18th centuries. Focused on the role of mankind in relation to government, ideas which greatly influenced the framers of the U.S. Constitution. Concept of divine right began. Social Contract emerges, which states that governments were formed not by divine decree, but to meet the social and economical needs of the people being governed.

Concerning farms, farmers, or the use of land

Grandson of Babur(established Mughal Empire in India), who ruled from 1556 to 1605. Reunited India under religious tolerance. Eliminated the head tax on Hindus(jizya) which angered many people. Eliminated sati and tried to improve the position of women. Welcomed Hindus into government positions. ~100 years Hindus and Muslims increasingly lived side-by-side and became more geographically mixed.

Fort established in 1619 as headquarters of Dutch East India Company operations in Indonesia; today the city of Jakarta.

1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism - believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.

an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, esp. as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth.

a readily salable crop that is grown and gathered for the market (as vegetables or cotton or tobacco)

1.Peninsulares- select group of Spanish officials sent to govern the colonies 2.Crillos/Creoles-people born in the colonies to Spanish parents. barred from high positions, but educated and wealthy and later were able to organize and demand recognition. Later, became leaders of Independence movements 3.mestizos- people with european and Native american ancestry 4.mulattos- people with european and African ancestry 5.native americans Other Positions: viceroys- thoseappointed governors of each of the 5 regions of New Spain

physical process whereby the colonizer takes over another place, putting its own government in charge and either moving its own people into the place or bringing in indentured outsiders to gain control of the people and the land

The transatlantic transfer of animals, plants, diseases, people, technology, and ideas among Europe, the Americas, and Africa. Overall population throughout northern Europe grew. Sugar and Silver were key products in the exchange. This silver was later traded with China (Silver or Single Whip System), making the world a much smaller place

transactions (sales and purchases) having the objective of supplying commodities (goods and services)

connected with or engaged in or sponsored by or used in commerce or commercial enterprises

a system of organizing nation-states around a democratic principle and independence; a system of organization of autonomous states that are untied in allegiance to a central power but are not subordinate to it or to one another

the property of a continuous and connected period of time

the branch of sociology that studies the characteristics of human populations

The concept that monarchs' right to govern was ordained by God, which was and idea embraced by the King of England during the Enlightenment period.

Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies.

1598, decree promulgated at Nantes by King Henry IV to restore internal peace in France, which had been torn by the Wars of Religion; the edict defined the rights of the French Protestants (Huguenauts) and created an environment of toleration

an ethical system that evaluates the pursuit of pleasure as the highest good, Reasoning based on sensory experience. Leonardo da Vinci says, based on Empiricism, that "If you find from your own experience that something is a fact and it contradicts what some authority has written down, then you must abandon the authority and base your reasoning on your own findings."

A sort of feudal system in the Americas which provided the peninsulares with land and a specified number of native laborers, and they were meant to be protected, but they were suppossed to protect the Natives and convert them to Christianity. When there were more workers needed they brought in slaves from Africa

Rulers that, to be sure they still ruled absolutely, internalized the Enlightenment philosophy and made attempts to tolerate diversity, increase opportunities for serfs, and take on the responsibilities that their rule required. Joseph II Austria, Frederick of Prussia, Empress Catherine(The Great) Russia.

Eager to eliminate Muslim middlemen and find more efficient trade routes, the Portuguese and the Spanish set out to sea (nicknamed "floating empires"); they soon controlled many major shipping routes, The Portuguese and the Spanish. Eager to eliminate Muslim middlemen and find more efficient trade routes, the Portuguese and the Spanish set out to sea; they soon controlled many major shipping routes in the Indian Ocean, Indonesia and the Atlantic Ocean. First ones of European Exploration and Expansion.

(1561-1626) English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist, and author. He served both as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England. Influential as philosophical advocate and practitioner of the scientific method during the scientific revolution. Called the creator of Empiricism and popularized inductive methodologies for scientific inquiry

Island off the coast of India that was the base of Portuguese trade, which could store spices and other goods until they were shipped to Europe.

the idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun. (Nicolaus Copernicus). Scientific revolution

French Protestants. The Edict of Nantes (1598) freed them from persecution in France, but when that was revoked in the late 1700s, hundreds of thousands of Huguenots fled to other countries, including America.

the doctrine that people's duty is to promote human welfare- cultural movement during the Renaissance

A formalized interrogation and persecution process of heretics set into motion by Pope Gregory IX

(1642-1727) English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist and theologian. In The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy(1697), he invented calculus to help prove the theories of Copernicus, Galileo, Bacon, and others.Developed the law of gravity and the three laws of motion.

(Ivan the Terrible) Ivan III & Ivan IV established absolute rule in Russia, uniting it and expanding it ever eastward. recruited peasants to settle in new lands to the East (Cossacks), but they had to do it themselves. Cossacks expanded Russia from the 16th - 18th centuries well into Serbia and southward to Caspian sea

The Christian slaves of the Ottomans who were not eligible for government positions and served instead as a part of the Ottoman military. Ottomans expanded greatly because of the janissaries who quickly became the most powerful component in the Ottoman military machine

a Roman Catholic order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 to defend Catholicism against the Reformation and to do missionary work among the heathen

(1571 - 1630) German mathematician, astronomer and astrologer who developed the laws of planetary motion based on observation and mathematics, which helped further the Scientific Method

(1632-1704) an English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and writer of two Treatises in Government, believed people were good and had unalienable rights of life, liberty and property and that the government was there to guarantee these rights

an organization created to pool the resources of many merchants, thereby distributing the costs and risks of colonization and reducing the danger for individual investors

kingdom in Africa, that developed out of trade(like Angola and others). Grew as early as 1480's, due to Portuguese merchants. Kongo kings established close eco. and pol. relationships with the king. Kongo kings converted to Roman Catholicism and King Alfonso I was especially successful at converting his people

an absolute monarch that built up France's internal strength through finance and military, strengthened army and connected France through trades routes, catholic religion and the capital Versailles and foreign expansion during his reign

A German monk in 1517 who nailed a list of 95 theses on a church door, whose frustrations with the Catholic Church would lead to the development of Lutheranism and sparked the beginning of the Protestant Reformation

(1517) Published The Prince which was a how-to-book for monarchs who wanted to maintain their power. It stated that monarchy should be distinct from the church and that a leader should act for the state's interest instead of selfish interest. Since then, a selfish, ruthless, manipulative ruler was calla Machiavellian

the last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries. Qing warriors invited by Ming rulers to quell peasant uprisings, but instead they ousted the emperor. 3% of population so needed ethnic Chinese help to rule, so civil service examination gained new heights. Under Manchu, Chinese empire expanded to included Taiwan, Mongolia, central Asia, and Tibet. Vietnam, Burma, and Nepal became vassal states to China.

a theory under which a country actively sought to trade, but tried not to import more than it exported, avoiding dependencies on other countries. Encouraged colonization

Exclusive control of a commodity or service in a particular market, or a control that makes possible the manipulation of prices.

Ruled Indian subcontinent for 300 years. united almost all of the subcontinent

a body representing privileged groups; institutionalized feudal principle that rulers should consult with their vassals; (In Britain) an assembly of nobles who were responsible for representing the views of different parts of England on law-making and taxation issues

the male head of family or tribe

(Peter the I) son of Alexis Romanov, who ruled Russian Empire from 1682-1735. He was convinced he needed to westernize Russia. Under Peter the Great, first navy was built and founded St. Petersburg on the Baltic Sea as his new capital, St. Petersburg became home to European engineers, scientists, architects, and artists who were recruited specifically to westernize Europe. he also traveled the west in search of Western ideas, put down revolts with great cruelty, set up secret police

the largest silver mine in Peru, located in the city of Potosi in upper Peru (modern day Bolivia). Provided 80% of all Peruvian silver. Spanish had started to mine silver in Peru and Mexico between 1545 and 1565. Potosi became a mining center with a luxurious way of life and opulent churches, but the work was done by American Indian slaves and encomienda workers. After 1580, mercury was used to extract the silver. This silver was the same silver used in China during the Silver or Single Whip System.

Started by Martin Luther (1517- nailing of indulgences), Lutherans began to separate themselves from the Catholic Church, different Protestant groups arose(John Calvin). idea was that people didn't NEED the Catholic Church/Pope to interact with God, only Bibles. Luther made it acceptable to question the Church's wisdom. Bibles printed in different languages (Ex German for Luther's hometown :D), then people became literate and better educated, then more & more questioned world around them and church's authority. Paved ways for revolutions in education, politics, and science. Also resulted in creation of Protestant Churches

The great period of rebirth in art, literature, and learning in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition into the modern periods of European history. Cultural and political movement. Began in Italy and spread throughout Eruope

a series of steps followed to solve problems, including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions. Fathers+ Copernicus and Galileo. Born out of Scholastic Tradition

Renaissance Europe; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; resulted in change in traditional beliefs of Middle Ages. Some people became atheists or deists. time of Heliocentric Theory, the scientific method and led to The Enlightenment

A hereditary military(bakufu) dictator of Japan.

(1689-1755) French Enlightenment writer who argued for the theory of the separation of powers among branches of government. Enlightened writes didn't presume the government had divine right and that the government should serve the interest of the people by protecting individual rights and liberties.

sub-Saharan empire. Islamic state with economic ties to the Muslim worlds through the trans-Saharan trade of salt and gold

well-traveled stretch of water between Malaysia and Indonesia used for trade along the Spice Route

(Suleiman I) Ruler of the Ottoman Empire(r1520-1566)who rose to power after Selim I. He built up the Military, but also actively encouraged the development of the arts. Golden age under his rule (1520-1566). Expanded to include Turkey and if defeated Vienna, Austria then to Western Europe to defeat the HRE which was already weak. If Austria was defeated, Western Europe would be very different

writer of the Leviathan. English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems cause by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679)

(1604-1613) Time period in Russia, where feudal lords battled over who should rule after Ivan IV died(1584). Madness subsided when Michael Romanov was elected czar(Russian for "Caesar") by the feudal lords. Romanov Dynasty added stability & ruled until 1917.

Treaty between fighting countries Spain and Portugal, which established a line of demarcation, in the Americas where the newly found land they were fighting over was, on a longitudinal line that turns through the western Atlantic Ocean. everything to the east of the line belonged to Portugal and everything to the west belonged to Spain. Spain became a mega-power quickly because it had so much land this is why modern day Brazil speaks Portuguese

a natural outgrowth of the increased efficiencies in farming and agriculture... aka cities grew

A book by Sir Thomas More of England, written in 1516 describing an ideal society, in which everyone shared the wealth and everyone's needs were met

Native language Ex. the growing middle class of Europe wanted books written in their own venacular

(1694-1778) French Enlightenment writer, who espoused the idea of religious toleration Enlightenment writers didn't' presume the government had divine right and that the government should serve the interest of the people by protecting individual rights and liberties

A Chinese Muslim navigator, also an imperial eunuch, who commanded trade expeditions of gigantic ships throughout the Indian Ocean, Persian Sea and Red Sea all the way to East Africa under 3rd Ming emperor Yongle (Yonglo) from 1405 -1433. If not abruptly stopped, China could have became a colonial power.