AP World History Unit 2 Test Review

the founder and leader of the Achaemenid Empire

the first Persian empire and ruled by Cyrus

the son of Cyrus who took the reigns after Cyrus's death

the most successful leader of the Achaemenid empire and kinsman of Cyrus

the capital of Darius's empire

administrative and taxation districts governed by satraps

underground canal that distributed water for agriculture

Darius's successor who sought to impose his own values on conquered lands which led to the fall of the Achaemenid

a series of conflicts between the Persians and the Ionian Greeks

a former commander of the elite corps of guards in Alexander's army who led the Seleucid empire

one of the three empires formed after the Achaemenid ruled by Seleucus

empire ruled after the Seleucid who ruled using a federation of leaders

the greatest emperor of the Parthian empire

empire that toppled the Parthians and ruled Persia until it was invaded by Arab warriors

a Sasanid ruler who defeated Roman armies and created a series of buffer states

a slave of classical Persia who is well-known for his various misadventures

new faith founded by Zarathrusta and reflected the cosmopolitan society of the empires

the founder of Zoroastrianism and claimed himself the chosen prophet by Ahura Mazda

"the wise lord" who chose Zarathrusta as his prophet

priests who orally transmitted Zarathrusta's doctrine and teachings

Zarathrusta's hymns he that he composed in honor of the various deities that he recognized

the adversary of Ahura Mazda; also known as the "hostile spirit"

Greek poet who composed the Iliad and Odyssey

early Greek society based on the island of Crete that later fell under foreign domination

early Greek society named after Mycenae and devised a syllabic script called Linear B

(poleis in plural) term for Greek city-states

neighboring peoples of Sparta that became servants of the Spartan state

one of the most important of the poleis that was situated in the region of the Peloponnesus

one of the most important of the poleis and relieved tensions by establishing a government based on military principles

the most popular leader of the Athenian democracy

an alliance created by the poleis to discourage further Persian actions in Greece (also led by Athens)

a civil conflict in Greece with the Spartans against the Athenians, where the Spartans forced the Athenians to surrender

a kingdom and frontier state north of peninsular Greece

ruler of Macedon who eventually built a powerful military and brought Greece under his control

son of King Philip II who took the reigns as ruler and also brought Persian under his control as he became the new Persian emperor

the era of Alexander and his successors when Greek cultural traditions expanded their influence beyond Greece itself to a much larger world

the smallest of the Hellenistic empires

the wealthiest of the Hellenistic empires who's capital is based on Alexandria

the empire where Greek influence reached its greatest extent

a ruler of Bactria who was one of the Greek Buddhist converts

best known of the panhellenic festivals where the best Mediterranean athletes engage in contests of speed, strength, and skill

a famous female poet whose surviving verse speaks of her strong physical attraction to young women

a slave who worked as a porter and was rewarded for his efforts and eventually gained his freedom

a thoughtful and reflective Athenian driven by a powerful urge to understand humans and human affairs in all their complexity

Socrates' most famous disciple and elaborated a systematic philosophy of great subtlety and invented a theory of Forms and Ideas

disciple of Plato who distrusted the theory of Forms and Ideas and was called "the master of those who know"

a popular Greek cult which sponsored a community meal and encouraged initiates to observe high moral standards

Hellenistic philosophers who identified pleasure as the greatest good

Hellenistic philosophers who sought equanimity and left contentious issues to others

Hellenistic philosophers who considered all human beings members of a single, universal family

dynamic people of early Rome who dominated much of Italy between the eighth and fifth centuries BC

executives who were elected to serve one-year terms in early Roman Republic

officials elected by plebeians who possessed the right to veto unfair measures

the wealthy classes of Rome

the common people or class of Rome

Celtic people who on several occasions invaded Italy

a city-state who became the dominant political power in north Africa

a series of conflicts where the Romans clashed with the Carthaginians which ended when the Romans defeated the Carthaginians and annexed their possessions

enormous plantations that were based on conquered lands of wealthy elites

the chief proponents of social reform in the Roman Republic (Tiberius and Gaius)

became master of the Roman state and named himself dictator - who claimed it for life rather than the six-month term

a nephew and protegee of Julius Caesar who was named Augustus after defeating his rival, Mark Antony

term used for a long era of peace in Rome that facilitated economic and political integration

a basic law code for citizens of the early Roman republic

Roman term for the Mediterranean, "our sea"

the father of the family

an escaped slave who once assembled an army of seventy thousand slaves against the Romans

a Roman intellectual who adopted Stoic values and helped establish Stoicism as the most prominent school of moral philosophy of ROme

a cult dedicated to the god Mithras, who was identified with the sun and light

a resistance of Jews that mounted rebellions against the Romans but was defeated by the Romans

a Jewish teacher whom the Christian communities recognized as their savior

a Jew from Anatolia who was a principal figure in the expansion of Christianity

Christian church supervisor who oversaw priests and governed their jurisdictions

trade routes that extended from China all the way to the Mediterranean where all types of long-distance trade occurred

a missionary with a reputation of performing miracles who popularized Christianity in central Anatolia

lived during the fifth century and emphasized the human nature of Jesus

a prophet and devout Zoroastrian from Babylon who promoted a syncretic blend of Zoroastrian, Buddhist, and Christian elements into a faith known as Manichaeism

a faith founded by the prophet Mania and is a blend of Zoroastrian, Buddhist, and Christian elements

a disease that had an outbreak in the Roman empire that caused the death of about forty-five million people

a Roman emperor that ruled until 180 AD when he died from smallpox

a massive uprising that proved to be the only first in a series of insurrections that plagued the late Han dynasty

claimants of the imperial throne in Rome who were former generals of the army

Roman emperor who divided the Roman empire into two administrative districts: the Western and Eastern empire

Roman emperor who united the Western and Eastern empire and built a capital called Constantinople

a convert of Christianity who worked to reconcile Christianity with Greek and Roman philosophical traditions