AP World History Chapter 12 Vocabulary

Became the first monarch to unite all of the Frankish tribes and was also the first Roman Catholic ruler of the Franks (ruled 481-511)

A military leader of the Franks who led Christian forces of northern France, Belgium, and western Germany to defeat the Muslims at the Battle of Tours; founded the Carolingian Dynasty

Martel's grandson who ruled the Frankish kingdom from 768-814; named Emperor of the Romans by the pope in 800; defeated the Saxons and converted them to Christianity; encouraged church-based education and used regional administrators to help govern his empire

(Ruled 665-705) Tried to make Buddhism a state religion, but persecution of Buddhists followed her reigh, and Confucianism triumphed until the 20th century

German king who was crowned the Holy Roman Emperor in 962

A monarch of Normady who invaded England and ruled kingdoms on both sides of the English Channel

Smaller, less-centralized Germanic states developed in the Early Middle Ages

The Frankish kingdom founded by Charles Martel

A second group of invaders who came from the north; traveled on longships

Scandinavian Vikings

Country south of Greenland; the Vikings reached here

Country north of Iceland; the Vikings reached here from Iceland

A coastal area of North Americal that the Vikings named _____

Originally from Central Asia, they encroached on the BYzantine Empire soon after the fall of Rome and wen on the settle in present-day Germany, Italy, and France

Descendents of Vikings who settled in the northwest corner of France

A wealthy city-state in northern Italy, had a contract to transport Crusaders to the Middle East

(732 CE) European victory over Muslims. It halted Muslim movement into Western Europe.

A body to advise the king that included representatives from each of the three legal classes in France--the clergy, nobility, and commoners

Legal classes

Dispute over whether a secular leader, rather than the pope, could invest bishops with symbols of office in the 11th and 12th centuries

Signed by King John in 1215; required the king to observe certain rights, such as the right to a jury trial before an noble could be sentenced to prison

Formed in 1265; increased the rights of the English nobility, but not the general population

Represented the nobles and Church hierarchy

Made up of elected representatives of wealthy townspeople

(1337-1453) Tables were turned between the rival monarchies; England invaded France; spread the use of gunpower

"Reconquest;" Christian forces began taking control of Spain from Muslim rulers

The region of present-day Israel; includes the city of Jerusalem, which is a holy city to Christianity, Islam, and Judaism.

A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.

Combined the functions of knights and monks

Fought pagan Slavs near the Baltic Sea and introduced Christain missions and churches there

A person of high rank who owned land but owed loyalty to his king

Oweing service to abother person

Hired by Lords to fight for them by offereing them a piece of land; vassals of the lords and owe the lords service

A political system of obligations; widespread in Europe from 800s-1200s

Peasants (not slaves) who were tied to the land and who couldn't marry or travel without permission from their lords

Who owed allegiance to the pope; supervised local priests

Head of the Roman Catholic Church

Supervised by bishops

Rules where the eldest brother in a family inherited the entire estate

Growth in commerce caused the development of a small _____, a middle class

Growth in commerce caused the development of a small bourgeoisie, a middle class

Those who were not members of the clergy

A regional variety of a language

The common language of a particular region

Students in the 12th century could study liberal arts or theology here

In response to disputes between students and townspeople, universities set up _____, boardinghouses for scholars, which were sometimes divided according to students' nationality or discipline

Teaching here was based on knowledge handed down from the time of Hippoctates, Greek physician Galen and on medical information available from ongoing learning in the Arab world

The best-known scholar of the time and is sometimes called "the father of modern medicine; wrote "Canon of Medicine"

A revival of interest in classical Greek and Roman literature, art, civic virtue, and culture

The focus on individuals rather than God

A writer who used a religious framework for "The Divine Comedy"

Written by Dante Alighieri; features hell, purgatory, and heaven

Author of "The Canterbury Tales"

Written by Geoffrey Chaucer, portrayed a microcosm of middle-class occupations in England, including several Church positions

Author of "In Praise of Folly," was the most infuential northern humanist of the late 15th century

Written by Desiderius Erasmus

A Polish scientist who showed increasing interest in understanding the physical world, and interest that would sometimes lead to conflict with the Catholic Church

A system of study

Exaggerated carvings of humans or animals designed to serve as warter spouts

Buttresses or supports were extended outward from the wall to a stone foundation, rather than running alongside the wall

A Roman document from the 8th century provided the Church with evidence that the pope should assume political as well as spiritual authority

A reference to the Jewish exile in the 6th century BCE

Originated from the monastery at Cluny, France, in the 11th century, attempted to reform the Church from within. Corruption & theological disagreements drove reformers to part ways with the Catholic Church.

Various groups of monks and nuns, usually living in vowed communities of the Catholic Church; advanced Europe's progress by keeping learning alive and by promoting practical advice, such as better agricultural methods

A way to resolve disputes and to shop etiquette

Medieval contests that tested strength, skill and endurane

Fights with lances between two knights on horseback

A cathedral in the new Gothic stule, which replaced a style common since the mid-eleventh century

Large farm estates of the Middle Ages that were owned by nobles who ruled over the peasants living in the land

Provided economic self-sufficiency and defense; small villages that included a church, a blacksmith shop, a mill, presses, and homes

Association of craftspeople or merchants, originated in the towns

Mapmaking

A 17 year-old Venetian who visited China. When he returned to Italy, he wrote a book about his trip. People didn't believe his descriptions of China until they actually visited. Then, they realized that he was right about China's prosperity and innovations

Boats that enabled sailors to travel far inland on rivers; had single large sails with as many as 50 fierce men aboard using oars to paddle

Kings paid nobles with land called _____

A system where crops were rotated in and out of three fields

Harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from the animal's neck to the shoulders; its adoption favors the spread of horse-drawn plows and vehicles.

A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351; spread via trading routes

A century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable.