AP Euro Chapter 13 Vocab

The great period of rebirth in art, literature, and learning in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition into the modern periods of European history

They were sworn associations of free men seeking complete political and economic independence from local nobles.

italian underclass; a new force that disenfranchised and heavily taxed the people bitterly for being excluded from holding power. They used armed force and violence to take over the government. (p.416-417)

despots who controlled much of Italy by 1300.

rule of merchant aristocracies, controlled much of Italy by 1300

a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

where despots or oligarchs lived, conducted business, and displayed their wealth and patronage of the arts

the idea that each person should be free to be what they want to be, and develop their goals

the doctrine emphasizing a person's capacity for self-realization through reason

a doctrine that rejects religion and religious considerations

Written by machiavelli, described that power is more important, "better to be feared than loved"

Tax on salt during pre-revolutionary France-included in the Estate's list of grievances.

Charles VII's formal declaration of the independence of the French Church from Rome

National governing council of England under Henry VII, demonstrated the monarchy's distrust of nobility by excluding it.

Established by Henry VII, it enforced torture to be used to force nobles to confess for something.

English local officials in the shires appointed by the crown and given wide authority in local government.

alliances of cities to oppose nobles-helped bring cities in line with royal authority

term applied to Jews who accepted Christianity by force