Ant 2511

Linguistic anthropologists are well known for studying material culture

The scientific method is an empirical research method in which data are gathered from observations of phenomena, hypotheses are formulated and tested, and conclusions are drawn that validate or modify the original hypothesis

Artifacts are material objects from past cultures

Terrestrial refers to organisms that live in water, not on land.

The word hominin refers to humans and human-like ancestors

Culture is defined as learned behavior that is genetically transmitted from person to person

Morphology refers to physical shape and appearance

In the first 50 minutes of The Genius of Charles Darwin video, according to Richard Dawkins it took Darwin 20 years (or and off) to fully develop his ideas on Natural Selection.

In the first 50 minutes of The Genius of Charles Darwin video, Richard Dawkins takes a group of students to the beach and has them comb through rocks. What was he having these students look for?

In the first 50 minutes of The Genius of Charles Darwin video, Richard Dawkins notes that Darwin couldn't explain how variation wasn't lost through interbreeding. This is because Darwin didn't have an understanding of which of the following?

Bipedalism refers to walking for four feet

The human genome includes an estimated 20,000 - 25,000 genes.

Science is a self-correcting approach to knowledge acquisition.

Social learning refers to the capacity to learn from other humans, enabling the accumulation of knowledge across many generations

Culture is defined as learned behavior that is transmitted from person to person

In the first 50 minutes of The Genius of Charles Darwin video, according to Richard Dawkins it took Darwin 20 years (or and off) to fully develop his ideas on Natural Selection.

In the first 50 minutes of The Genius of Charles Darwin video, Richard Dawkins notes that Darwin studies the details of how different animals shared similarities in skeletal structure. Many organisms have the same bones, in the same order, which have been reshaped and resized based on their different ways of life.

In the first 50 minutes of The Genius of Charles Darwin video, Richard Dawkins interviews prostitutes in Nairobi, Kenya who possess genetic variation making them immune to which of the following sexually transmitted diseases:

Chromosomes do not contain genes

Natural selection is the process by which some organisms, with features that enable them to adapt to the environment, preferentially survive and reproduce, thereby increasing the frequency of those features in the population

Habitat refers to the specific area of the natural environment in which an organism lives

A species is a group of unrelated organisms that can interbreed and produce non-fertile, non-viable offspring

The gene is the basic unit of inheritance

Genotype refers to the phenotype of an organism (i.e., the combination of alleles for a given gene)

Zoonosis is the transfer of a pathogen from other animals to humans

In the second 50 minutes of The Genius of Charles Darwin video, a minister asks Richard Dawkins what the goal of evolution is. What was Dawkin's response?

In the second 50 minutes of The Genius of Charles Darwin video, how does Richard Dawkins describe reciprocal altruism?

In the second 50 minutes of The Genius of Charles Darwin video, Richard Dawkins describes acts of altruism that occur in nature. How does Dawkins define altruism?

An allele is one or more alternative forms of a gene

The evolutionary synthesis is a unified theory of evolution that combines genetics with natural selection

In the second 50 minutes of The Genius of Charles Darwin video, Richard Dawkins indicates that the brightly colored plumage of the peacock is a product of which of the following factors?

Non-sex chromosomes are called autosomes

Mitosis is the process of cellular and nuclear division that creates four identical haploid daughter cells

Mitochondria possess their own independent DNA

Human males normally have an X and a Y chromosome

Mitochondria do not possess their own independent DNA

Recombination refers to the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, resulting from a cross-over event

Human males normally have two X chromosomes

In the final 50 minutes of The Genius of Charles Darwin video, Dawkins argues that since all life on Earth is built from the same DNA building blocks, this is evidence of our shared evolutionary history.

In the final 50 minutes of The Genius of Charles Darwin video, Darwin's tree of life is described. What does this tree of life mean?

In the final 50 minutes of The Genius of Charles Darwin video, Darwin's tree of life is described. Dawkins argues that the tree of life has been verified as fact by what?

Human females normally have an X and a Y chromosome

Homologous refers to each set of paired chromosomes in the genome

Autosomes refers to all chromosomes, except the sex chromosomes, that occur in pairs in all somatic cells (not the gametes)

Mitochondria are energy-producing organelles found in eukaryotic cells

Locus is the location on a chromosome of a specific gene

Sex chromosomes do not determine the organism's biological sex

Charles Darwin developed the theory of Natural Selection

Morphology refers to philosophical views on sociability

Archaeology is:

Human production of stone or lithic tools is an example of:

The results of a disadvantaged social environment include:

Bipedalism is considered one of the hallmarks of hominid evolution because:

Forensic anthropologists who were called in to help with the 9/11 tragedy had to have a very good understanding of:

Bipedalism in primates means:

Franz Boas:

How is a theory different from a hypothesis?

Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an organism (i.e., the combination of alleles for a given gene)

What are the three observations of natural selection?

The presence of iridium in geologic deposits around the world supported the theory that:

Why is the work of Alfred Russell Wallace considered when discussing the theory of evolution?

Traits that have a range of phenotypic expressions and show a continuum of variation are termed

The term evolution refers to:

The English scientist who independently codiscovered the theory of natural selection was:

The individual genotypes in a breeding population, taken as a whole, are the:

Science is considered self‐correcting because:

Eukaryotes are multi-celled organisms that have a membrane-bound nucleus containing both the genetic material and specialized organelles.

Gametes can unite with a gamete of the opposite type to form a fertilized egg

Gametes have a haploid number of chromosomes

Individuals whose blood type is A and who carry both dominant and recessive genes at this locus have a genotype of:

Somatic cells include all of the following except:

Nucleotide bases in nuclear DNA include all of the following EXCEPT:

Transcription:

Homologous chromosomes:

DNA is important for protein synthesis because:

Gametes are

A trait's heritability:

Microevolution is small-scale evolution, such as changes in allele frequency, that occurs from one generation to the next

Macroevolution is small-scale evolution, such as changes in allele frequency, that occurs from one generation to the next

A point mutation refers to the replacement of a single nitrogen base with another base, which may or mat not affect the amino acid for which the triplet codes.

Sickle-cell anemia is a genetic blood disease in which the red blood cells become deformed and sickle-shaped, decreasing their ability to carry oxygen to tissues.

Evolution can best be defined as:

The physical location of a gene within the genome is called the:

Mutations to which cells are most likely to have significant evolutionary consequences?

Transposable elements are DNA sequences that:

When individuals of the same species are reproductively isolated, genetic differences may accumulate in sufficient number so that new species could emerge. Such an event would be an example of:

The type of selection that favored progressively larger brain size in human evolution is:

A random change in allele frequencies over time is known as:

Franz Boas (1858-1942) was a German-American anthropologist pioneer and is considered the "Father of American Anthropology"

Melanin acts as built-in sunscreen

Sexual dimorphism refers to similarities in physical attributes of males and females of a species

Natural selection has favored darker skin near equator where sunrays are most direct, and UV exposure is higher

Stressors have been shown to increase likelihood of a premature birth or a stillborn infant.

Melanin is a granular substance produced by specialized cells in the epidermis

Life history refers to the timing and details of growth events and developmental events from conception through senescence and death.

A cline:

Natural selection favored alleles for light skin in:

Cultural adaptation:

Spina bifida is a condition where the arch of one or more vertebrae fails to fuse and form a protective barrier around spinal cord

Bergman's rule states that heat-adapted mammals will have long limbs, which maximize the body's surface area.

Epiphysis refers to the bone shaft

According to the course text, around age 6 the brain is fully grown

Forensic anthropologists still use expertise in human variation to identify victims of war and crime

The prenatal stage in humans consists of:

Melanin:

Franz Boas:

Humans are capable of a "precision grip"

Human life history elongated for almost all growth stages

Nocturnal primates tend to have color vision, which helps them see bright fruits from a distance

Chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, orangutans, gibbons, and siamangs are monkeys

Gorillas are the largest living primate

Primate fingerprints aid in grip

Chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas are found in Europe and Asia

A post-orbital bar and post-orbital closure are evidence of reliance on

Among all primates, humans have:

The variation in living primates provides models for understanding:

Primate mothers typically care for their offspring for a long period of time

The word "primates" refers to monkeys, apes, and humans

A primate with a dental formula of 2:1:2:3 has a total of 32 teeth in its mouth

Primate dietary variation, reliance on vision, grasping hands and feet, and forward-facing eyes reflect adaptations to arboreal life

Diurnal primates tend to have color vision, which helps them see bright fruits froma distance

The Y-5 molar morphology is present in:

Primates are characterized by:

The variation in living primates provides models for understanding:

Higher-ranking or more dominant primates are guaranteed to have higher reproductive success than lower-ranking individuals

All attempts to teach apes American Sign Language have failed.

Dominance hierarchies are systems of social organization wherein individuals within a group are ranked relative to one another

Virtually all nonhuman primate populations impacted by human hunting and habitat destruction

Cultural behavior is learned

Grooming serves to indicate submission or reassurance

The prenatalperi group refers to the group in which an animal is born and raised

Male reproductive strategies emphasize:

Natural selection favors behaviors that enhance:

Sociality among primates is likely the result of which of the following selective pressures?

Some colobines have special microbes and bacteria in the gut that assist in the digestion of leaves and plants

Grooming is an example of an autonomic, or unintentional, response

Primate home ranges might overlap with other primate groups, but the core areas do not overlap

In some primates, estrus is accompanied by a large blue or green swelling

On average, larger animals require fewer calories per unit of weight than smaller animals

How do primates acquire food?

Chimpanzee communication involves different combinations of sounds, such as:

Availability of food:

Sexual maturation or puberty is marked by:

Relative to people with a history of living in temperate climates, the Inuit and other cold-adapted populations:

Rickets is the result of:

Stressors during the prenatal stage include:

When epiphyses fuse to the diaphyses:

Osteoblasts are cells responsible for bone resorption

A secular trend is a phenotypic change over time, due to multiple factors; such trends can be positive or negative.

Polytypic refers to a species composed of populations that have the same expression of a trait

Old World monkeys are also known as

Colobine primates:

A skull with a foramen magnum positioned at the back belongs to:

While observing primates at the zoo, you notice that the particular monkey you are watching uses its hands, feet, and tail to move throughout the trees in its enclosure. This is most likely:

What is the name for the moist, hairless, fleshy pad at end of nose seen in most mammals and some primitive primates

Apes lack

The skeleton of a terrestrial quadruped typically includes which of the following

African monkeys, including Miss Waldron's red colobus, are:

Primate mouths house different types of teeth such as incisors, canines, premolars, and molars

A dental formula is a numerical device that indicates number of each type of tooth in each quadrant (1/4th) of the mouth

Sexual dimorphism:

Male primates most often compete for mates while female primates compete for other resources, demonstrating that:

The higher the social rank of a female primate the:

Altruistic behavior:

Altruistic behavior benefits others while being a disadvantage to the altruistic individual. Which of the following reasons does not explain why it exists in primate societies?

Female reproductive strategies emphasize:

Dominance hierarchies usually serve to reduce the amount of physical violence

Chimpanzees sometimes go termite fishing

Primate males are generally dominant to females, but not always

The earth's age is:

The study of what happens to an organism's remains after death is:

Taphonomy is the study of:

Chemical analysis of the _________ can provide information on diets and habitats.

Eras are:

Most of the fossils discovered in Africa come from the eastern parts of the continent. Why is this?

If fossil species A is consistently recovered from geological deposits beneath layers containing fossil species B, then A is considered older than B. This relative dating technique is based on the principle of:

Which of the following is NOT an ideal environment for fossilization?

Radiometric methods are based on the principle that "parent" atoms of radioactive elements decay at a known rate into "daughter" atoms of another element

Half-life refers to the time period in which half of the amount of a radioactive isotope is chemically converted into a daughter product

Dendrochronology is another way of referring to Carbon dating

Fossils are the remains of once-living organisms that have been chemically converted to stone, either partially or fully.

One theory of primate evolution suggests forward-facing eyes, nails, and grasping hands would have been useful if primates were visually-directed predators.

Soon after the extinction of the dinosaurs, mammals experienced an adaptive radiation and diverged into the many different mammal orders found today.

The Miocene epoch lasted from about 36 million years ago to 5 million years ago.

Craniofacial morphology of Sivapithecus suggests it may be related to the modern day Orangutan.

Hominoids are lesser apes, greater apes, and humans.

The term "hominoids" includes generalized mammals like squirrels, raccoons, and mice.

Proconsul is the best known genus from the Miocene and was highly successful as evidenced by numerous species in the fossil record.

Hominoids, or apes, first appear in fossil record between _______ mya

Proconsul is associated with which of the following traits/behaviors?

Based on genetic analysis of living primates calibrated by the fossil record, it is estimated that apes and Old World monkeys diverged into separate lineages around:

Hominoids, or apes, first appear in fossil record between 20-25 mya

By calculating genetic distance, and using rate of change from molecular clock, researchers can estimate when two lineages diverged

A species that is adapted to a wide range of environments, climates, and diets is:

Sivapithecus is widely recognized as an ancestral member of which ape lineage?

The discovery of Sahelanthropus tchadensis showed that bipedal hominins were less widely distributed than previously thought

Pieces of a skull, spinal column, pelvis, femur, knee, ankle, or foot can all be used as evidence in reconstructing locomotion from bits of fossils, and determining whether these ancient individuals walked on two legs.

Australopithecus boisei was a robust species with adaptations for heavy chewing

Sahelanthropus tchadensis is dated to between 7 and 6 mya

When looking at a robust australopithecine, you are likely to see evidence of attachment sites on the skull for large, strong chewing muscles.

As a species, Australopithecus afarensis survived for more than 900,000 years.

Prognathism refers to an anterior projection of the face

The earliest australopithecines first show up in the fossil record more than:

The only preaustralopithecine found outside the East African Rift Valley is:

Australopithecus robustus was likely the longest-surviving species of australopithecine in South Africa. It had:

The Laetoli Footprints provide good evidence that bipedal hominins were present in Africa about 3.6 mya

Australopithecus afarensis is the genus and species that "Lucy" belongs to

Australopithecus boisei has the thickest dental enamel of any known early hominin

In species that have one, the ____________ serves as an attachment site for the large temporal muscles

__________________ evolved first, then brain size increased, and toolmaking followed during hominin evolution

Oldowan tools are based on ____ hammer percussion

Many H. erectus skulls have a sagittal crest.

Cut marks on top of carnivore marks suggests hominin scavenging

The temporalis muscle anchors to the sagittal keel of H. erectus specimens

Stone artifact manufacture would have allowed hominins to butcher mammals that may have been acquired from hunting or scavenging

Many of the stone tools recovered at the H. erectus site of Dmanisi are similar to the Oldowan industry from Africa

All Dmanisi H. erectus crania have relatively large cranial capacities compared to what is expected for H. erectus

All Dmanisi H. erectus crania have relatively small cranial capacities compared to what is expected for H. erectus

Compared to previous species, H. erectus was:

Modern anatomical features of the Nariokotome Boy include:

Compared to australopithecines, Homo habilis is characterized by:

Acheulian stone tools are considered mode I tools.

Homo habilis was definitely, without a doubt, the first stone tool maker

Acheulian tool makers developed a new way to knock flakes from stone cores using "soft hammer" percussion

According to taphonomists, when used on bone carnivore teeth leave a series of parallel grooves

Oldowan tools show that hominins were inventing and adopting cultural solutions to problems

A sagittal keel is present on many H. erectus skulls.

Homo habilis had traits that include:

Homo erectus differed from earlier hominids in having traits such as:

Modern human populations outside of Africa possess 1-4% of distinctive Neandertal DNA

There is good evidence that Neandertals buried their dead and included grave goods like animal bones and stone tools

Some Neandertals were buried in a flexed position

The Out-of-Africa model argues that that archaic Homo evolved into modern Homo sapiens solely in Africa, around 200,000 years ago

Denisovians are thought to have shared a very recent ancestor with Homo floresiensis (i.e. "the Hobbit")

Denisovians are thought to have shared an ancestor with Neandertals.

DNA has been extracted from a finger bone and molar tooth, which indicates there was another contemporary hominin present 50,000 to 30,000 years ago. This species is currently referred to as "Denisovians"

To date, the majority of Neandertal fossils have been found in:

Analyses of modern human genetic variation indicate that Homo sapiens may have evolved approximately:

If I were to argue that all of human evolution has been within a single continuous human species, then this would mean that I favor the

The remains of animal bones at archaic Homo sites demonstrate that they were successful hunters

The Out-Of-Africa model argues that human species first arose ~2 mya and subsequent human evolution has been within a single, continuous human species

Patterns of trauma in Neandertal remains match those of contemporary dancers, indicating close proximity to prey

The remains of animal bones at Neandertal sites demonstrate that Neandertals were successful hunters

Shanidar I is a skeleton of a male who lived to be 30-45 years old who had numerous injuries that would have altered his quality of life. These injuries are so severe that some suggest he was crippled and only could have lived within a social group that helped care for him.

The Middle Paleolithic is associated with _________ tools which Neandertals produced.

The best fossil evidence to suggest that Neandertals could produce a language like that of modern humans comes from which bone(s) collected at Kebara, Israel?