American History Chapter 8 Vocabulary

effort beginning in Britain in the late 1700s to increase production by using machines powered by sources rather than humans or animals

a system of manufacturing in which all parts are made to an exact standard for easy mass- assembly

machine that separates the seeds from raw cotton fiber

a license that gives an inventor the exclusive right to make, use, or sell an invention for a set period of time

shift from a home based, often agriculture, economy to one based on money and the buying and selling of goods

making of goods by machinery

concentrated in one place

economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods

in production, a system in which each worker performs a single part of an entire process

money that a business spends in hopes of future gains

piece of paper that a bank issues to its customers and that can be exchanged for gold or silver coin

a geographic region

pertaining to the countryside

relating to a city

the growth of industry

a low-cost apartment building that often has poor standards of sanitation, safety, and comfort and is designed to house as families as possible

a work stoppage intended to force an employer to meet certain demands as in the demand for higher wages

organization of workers formed to protect the interest of its members

common 1850s nickname for the band of states from South Carolina to Texas whose economies relied almost completely on cotton production

unsuccessful slave revolt led by Nat Turner in 1831

1819 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that states could not interfere with private contracts

1819 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that Congress has the authority to take actions necessary to fulfill its constitutional duties

1824 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that states could not regulate commerce on interstate waterways

declaration by president Monroe in 1823 that the United States would oppose efforts by any outside power to control a nation in the Western Hemisphere

a combination of government-backed economic development and protective tariffs aimed at encouraging business growth

practice of hiring political supporters for government jobs

system or practice of giving appointed offices as rewards from the successful party in an election; name for the patronage system under President Jackson

a high tariff on imports that benefited the industrial North while forcing Southerners to pay higher prices on manufactured goods; called the "Tariff of Abominations" by Southerners

to reject, as in when a state judges a federal law to be unconstitutional

the powers that the Constitution neither gives to the federal government nor denies to the states

to withdraw formally from a membership in a group or organization

1830 law calling for the President to give Native Americans land in parts of the Louisiana Purchase in exchange for land taken from them in the East

the forced movement of Cherokees in 1838 to land west of the Mississippi River

uprising led by a warrior named Black Hawk in which the Native Americans tried to reclaim their land in the Illinois territory

1835 war in which the Seminoles tried to retain their land in Florida