A further amendment was one in 2007 to overhaul most of the provisions, in the Act called Protect America Act. A final amendment was done in 2008 called the FIST Amendments Act of 2008 (Pickoff 2006). The most significant amendment to the bill was The Patriotic Act of 2001 after the country faced the biggest attack from a foreign terrorist group.
The United States Department of Justice announced that it would seek legislation that would give powers to state authorities to protect the homeland from such activities and attacks in the future.The proposed legislation was to give federal authorities the ability to monitor internet use, intercept emails and phone calls as well as wiretapping conversion between citizens and non citizens. The Act would also permit the detention of non citizens who are deemed to be dangerous to the home land (Center for American Progress 2005). This Act is by far one of the most controversial legislation in the history of the Congress.
This paper looks to analyze the provisions of the Act as well as the pro and cons that came along.PROVISIONS OF THE FIST The initial Act that was enacted in 1978 did not have many controversial aspects in it and was later blamed for not providing enough powers to aid the process of electing intelligence. Some security experts blamed the restriction in the Act for the poor intelligence leading to the September 11 2001 attacks. Drastic amendments to the Act in 2001 is what generated most of the debate. One of the most fundamental provisions of the Act was Section 203 (b) and (d) that necessitated the sharing of intelligence between security agencies (Larry and Goody 2006).This provision was the base at which the Act seeks to eliminate the hurdles that stopped government agencies from sharing information obtained from criminal investigation and questioning.
These hurdles were blamed for the poor Job the security apparatus did in detaining the September 1 lath suspects. Investigation into the terrorist attacks indicated that different government agencies had different incoherent information, that when combined would have made meaningful intelligence.The Center for American Progress, in its report, insist while the Federal Bureau if Investigations (FBI) had a list of wanted terrorist that was accurate, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) knew of a major plot against the U. S. This information was however not shared between these organizations, leading to the rigorists hijacking planes and ramming them into building and significant installations in the country. The second provision that that is the FIST is the 'roving wiretap' provision of Section 206.
This provision gives authority to the security agencies to use a single court order to wiretap all the electronic devices of one individual. In the past, the provision of the FIST required that each device wiretapped required a different court order. This proved to be a major bottleneck in getting intelligence for very sophisticated terrorist or suspected dangers to the homeland. Some spies are known to have very technologically advanced devices that getting separate court orders would prove to be a nightmare.
This provision doe not require the agency to identify the suspect under investigation so to be granted the authorization to wiretap the premise (Larry and Goody 2006). It is also not obligatory or important for the agency to declare how the wiretap will be done. It is upon the agency to find out how well they will get the information they need. However, some experts warn the vague manner in which this provision has been made could lead to abuse and violation of privacy. A third provision by the FIST is the "Sneak and Peak" provision provided under section 213.
This provision grants the security agencies the power to enter into the office, home or premise of a suspected terrorist or spy without informing the target. In the process of such undisclosed intrusions, the agencies are allowed to take photographs, examine data in the computers as well as planting devices that monitor or mirror the operation of the suspect on the computer. These devices should also be able to monitor the internet usage and transmissions of the suspect. In suggesting his provision, the Justice Department asserted that this unexplained intrusion had been used against drug dealers.But now that terrorism was of more danger to the homeland, then there was need to take terrorists as the most dangerous persons on US soil (Larry and Goody 2006). A very controversial provision in the amendment to the FIST is the "Libraries Provision".
This provision allows the government security agencies to access any tangible or written information regarding the suspects, be they documents, books, records or papers. The provision further does not obligate the agency to inform the suspect that it is accessing the vital information.The FBI is expected to get a court authority secretly by simply proving that the suspects could be involved in espionage or terrorism. This will give the agencies access to very personal information about such suspects and probably assist in building a profile of the suspect (Larry and Goody 2006). PROS OF THE FIST With the introduction of the FIST, the US government made clear its intentions to protect its citizens and the homeland. The Act provided new guidelines in a field not regulated by many governments.
The government had seen unprecedented discordant collection and analysis of intelligence during the Cold War.Its amendments after the September 1 1 the attacks further sought to assure the citizens that country would be more secure than before. The extensive introduction of the portions dealing in terrorist relayed the need to put terrorism at the top of security priorities. Indeed, political and public support was provided in enacting and implementing the FIST.
The Acts and the amendments to it were done without much resistance and implementation was swift with all the arms of government and the security agencies adopting the new provisions (Pickoff 2006; Center for American Progress 2005).Public confidence in the system and the government improved with many citizens asserting to feeling safer after these legislations. Before the FIST was enacted, it was the responsibility of attorney generals of the country to oversee surveillance activities and the wiretapping on suspected spies and terrorists. This led to inconsistent execution of executive powers and posed grave danger to the citizens. Furthermore, the matter as to entering people's private cadences was before the Supreme Court and no ruling had been provided (Center for American Progress 2005).
Thus, the introduction of the FIST provided guidelines to these surveillance activities introducing standards with which the country's organs operated without breaking the constitution. Amendments to the FIST in 2001 allowed the detention of enemy combatants. This strategy was very important in two critical ways. The first role the detention played was to prevent the rivals from regrouping with the rest of the terrorist and furthering their course of war against the United States.This provision was not seen as sentence or a Judicial verdict, but was viewed a simple strategy of war, Just like in war where enemy solders are held as prisoners of war.
The second key role was to provide an avenue through which such terrorist would be tried according to international law. These trials would be carried out in military court which had a good record in the past (Larry and Goody 2006). CONS AGAINST THE FIST The FIST has faced much criticism and disapproval. One of the major problems associated with the FIST is the fact that it infringes on personal liberties.It is expected that measures will always be undertaken to curb matter such as terrorism and espionage.
But the introduction of the FIST and the subsequent amendments has to substantial infringement in civil liberties which have been expressly provided for in the United States Constitution. The Act has gone further to provide detention based on the association of an individual and declares that one can be considered guilty simply by his known associates, thereby contravening the right to association.The second criticism of the FIST and its subsequent amendments is the eventual scarification and suspicion of citizens and foreigners who profess Islam. Many citizens of Middle Eastern descent have complained to the authorities of unfair treatment simply based on their Arabic looks.
Some of them have been arrested without cause and detained without proof of their indulgence in terrorism. Traveling to the US from the Arabic states has become more and more difficult because of the rules proposed by the FIST. The government also been allowed by the Act to monitor the financial transaction of individual.This information is personal and exposure of such information is breach o personal privacy.
Many people fear that this power could be used to blackmail citizens on their finances . CONCLUSION The introduction of the Act has, without doubt, made the country a safer and better country. The provision of the Act has created clear guidelines acceptable within law on how to get intelligence and mount surveillance on suspected individuals. While the Act has been criticized for breaching personal privacy, it is fundamental to understand that terrorism has become one of the biggest and dangerous aspect in recent time.
