Susan Brownell Anthony

I. Susan B. Anthony : A Biographical Introduction Susan Brownell Anthony was
born on February 15, 1820 in Adams, Massachusetts to Daniel and Lucy Anthony.

Susan was the second born of eight children in a strict Quaker family. Her
father, Daniel Anthony, was said to have been a stern man, a Quaker Abolitionist
and a cotton manufacturer born near the conclusion of the eighteenth century.From what I read, he believed in "guiding" his children, not in
'directing' them. Daniel Anthony did not allow his offspring to experience the
childish amusements of toys, games, and music, which were seen as distractions
from the "inner light." Instead he enforced self-discipline,
principled convictions, and the belief in one's own self-worth.

Each of my
sources indicates that Susan was a precocious child and she learned to read and
write at the age of three. In 1826, the Anthonys moved from Massachusetts to
Battensville, New York where Susan attended a district school. When the teacher
refused to teach Susan long division, Susan was taken out of school and taught
in a "home school" set up by her father. The school was run by a woman
teacher, Mary Perkins.

Perkins offered a new image of womanhood to Susan and her
sisters. She was independent and educated and held a position that had
traditionally been reserved to young men. Ultimately, Susan was sent to boarding
school near Philadelphia. She taught at a female academy and Quaker boarding
school, in upstate New York from 1846-49. Afterwards, she settled in her family
home in Rochester, New York. It was here that she began her first public crusade
on behalf of temperance (Anthony, 1975).

II. The Struggle for Women's Rights
Susan B. Anthony's first involvement in the world of reform was in the
temperance movement. This was one of the first expressions of original feminism
in the United States and it dealt with the abuses of women and children who
suffered from alcoholic husbands. The first women's rights convention had taken
place in Seneca Falls, New York, in July of 1848. The declaration that emerged
was modeled after the Declaration of Independence.

Written by Elizabeth Cady
Stanton, it claimed that "all men and women are created equal" and
that "the history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and
usurpations on the part of man toward woman" (Harper, 1993, vol. 1).Following a long list of grievances were resolutions for equitable laws, equal
educational and job opportunities, and the right to vote. One year later in
1849, Susan B.

Anthony gave her first public speech for the "Daugters of
Temperance" and then helped to found the Woman's State Temperance Society
of New York, one of the first such organizations of its time. In 1851, she went
to Syracuse to attend a series of anti-slavery meetings. During this time Susan
met Elizabeth Stanton in person, became fast friends, and subsequently joined
her and another woman named Amelia Bloomer in campaigns for women's rights. In
1854, she devoted herself to the anti-slavery movement serving from 1856 to the
outbreak of the civil war in 1861.

Here, Susan B. Anthony served as an agent for
the American Anti-slavery Society. Afterwards, she collaborated with Stanton and
published the New York liberal weekly, "The Revolution." (from
1868-70) which called for equal pay for women (Harper, 1993, vols. 1 & 2).In 1872, Susan demanded that women be given the same civil and political rights
that had been extended to black males under the 14th and 15th amendments.

Thus,
she led a group of women to the polls in Rochester to test the right of women to
vote. She was arrested two weeks later and while awaiting trial, engaged in
highly publicized lecture tours and in March 1873, she tried to vote again in
city elections. After being tried and convicted of violating the voting laws,
Susan succeeded in her refusal to pay the fine of one hundred dollars. From then
on- she campaigned endlessly for a federal woman suffrage amendment through the
National Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) (from 1869-90) and the National
American Woman Suffrage Association (from 1890-1906) and by lecturing throughout
the country as well (Barry, 1988). III. After Anthony : The Struggle Continues
The struggle to eventually win the vote was a slow and frustrating one.

Wyoming
Territory in 1869, Utah Territory in 1870, and the states of Colorado in 1893
and Idaho in 1896 granted women the vote but the Eastern states still resisted
it. The woman-suffrage amendment to the Federal Constitution, presented to every
Congress since 1878, repeatedly failed to pass. Over a generation later, when
the United States entered World War I in April 1917, the NAWSA pledged its
support. Thousands of suffragists folded bandages in their local headquarters
and volunteered to work in hospitals and government offices. The suffrage
leaders hoped that after the war American women would be rewarded with the vote
for their patriotic efforts.

Some feminist leaders split with the NAWSA over its
support of the war. Another woman named Alice Paul led the Congressional Union
for Women's Suffrage, later called the National Woman's party, in agitating for
the vote during the war. Another group, the New York branch of the Woman's Peace
party, led by a woman named Crystal Eastman, refused to support the war "to
make the world safe for democracy" when American women did not have
democratic rights. The national Woman's Peace party, headed by Jane Addams,
supported a peace settlement but did not openly oppose the war (Meyer, 1987).Congress finally did pass the women's suffrage bill in June 1919, and the 19th
Amendment to the Constitution became law on August 26 of 1920. With that one
occurrence, approximately twenty-five million women had won the right to vote
(Meyer, 1987).

Following the suffrage victory, NAWSA members transferred their
allegiance to the newly created League of Women Voters, a non-partisan
organization dedicated to educating women on political issues. The National
Woman's party worked toward an amendment to the Constitution providing complete
equality of rights for women. The Woman's Peace party became affiliated with
another pacifist group, the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.In Great Britain, as in the United States, woman-suffrage workers divided into
two camps--the moderate National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies and the
militant Women's Social and Political Union, led by Emmeline Pankhurst and her
daughters Christabel and Sylvia. A bill conferring suffrage on women over 30 was
passed by the British Parliament in 1918. Ten years later the age limit was
lowered to 21.

Meanwhile, New Zealand had granted full suffrage in 1893, and
Australia in 1902. Women had won full suffrage in Finland in 1906 and in Norway
in 1913 and were voting in most countries by the time World War II broke out. In
1945, Japanese women also received the right to vote. Women voted for the first
time in France in 1945. Women in Italy won the right to vote one year later in
1946.

(Meyer, 1987). IV. Conclusive Remarks Susan B. Anthony, along with Stanton
and Matilda Joslyn Gage had published "The History of Woman Suffrage"
(in four volumes released from 1881-1902) In 1888, she organized the
International Council of Women and in 1904 the International Woman Suffrage
Alliance (Harper, 1993, vol. 3).

Although Anthony did not live to see the
consummation of her efforts to win the right to vote for women, the
establishment of the 19th amendment is deeply owed to her efforts. Susan B.Anthony died of natural causes in 1906 but as was indicated within the previous
section, her dreams certainly did not die with her. Anthony is known to have
always acknowledged Stanton as the founder of the women's rights movement. Her
own achievement lay in her inspiration and perseverance in bringing together
vast numbers of people of both sexes around the single goal of the vote.

Because
of Aunt Susan's love for women's rights and perseverance in her cause, women
today undeniably enjoy a great many more rights and privileges than those of the
previous century. For one hundred years ago, a woman was ruled by a government
and a law in which she had no voice and no say. If she felt herself wronged in
any way, shape, or form- she had no way of making the fact known to the law, or
no way in which she might suggest a remedying solution for it. It was an unheard
of thing for a woman to speak out in public.

None of the nation's colleges or
universities admitted women as students. Females were barred from nearly all
profitable employments, and in those that we were permitted to pursue, women
received only one quarter of the man's compensation for the same work; females
could never become not become a doctor or lawyer, or, - except within the
Society of Friends, - a minister (Lutz, 1976). If she was married any wages she
might earn were not hers, but must be handed by the employer to her husband, who
was in every way her master, the law even giving him the power to chastise or
punish her. The laws of divorce were so framed as to be wholly regardless of the
happiness of women, in every case the man always gaining the control of the
children- even if he were the offender in the case. A father could apprentice
his children without the leave of the mother, and at his death could appoint a
guardian for them, thereby taking them from the mother's control. Man endeavored
in every way possible to destroy woman's confidence in her powers, to lessen her
self-respect and to make her willing to lead a dependent, subservient life.

It
really seemed as if man had assumed the powers of the Lord himself in claiming
it as his right to tell woman what she might or might not do, and what was or
was not her place. For more than half a century, Susan B. Anthony had fought for
change in the form of women's rights. According to my research, many people
rudely made fun of her.

Some insulted her. Nevertheless, she traveled from
county to county in New York and other states making speeches and organizing
clubs for women's rights. She pleaded her cause with every president from
Abraham Lincoln to Theodore Roosevelt. On July 2, 1979, the U.S. Mint
appropriately honored her work by issuing the well-known Susan B.

Anthony dollar
coin (Barry, 1988).
Bibliography
Anthony, Katherine S. Susan B. Anthony : Her Personal History and Era.Re-Printed in 1975.

Barry, K., Susan B. Anthony. Printed in 1988.

Harper, I. H.,
The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony, 3 vols. 1898-1908; reprinted in 1993.

Lutz, Alma, Susan B. Anthony. Reprinted in 1976. Meyer, Donald., Sex and Power :
The Rise of Women All Oeer the World., Printed in 1987.
English Essays