This chapter shall show the information gathered in the study and interview conducted by the research worker. The quantitative consequences gathered undergone assorted statistical trials through the usage of Statistical Package for Social Sciences ( SPSS ) . The qualitative informations obtained from the interviews were discussed and analysed in relation to the bing literature.
Cronbach 's Alpha
Normally, the Cronbach 's Alpha dependability coefficient ranges between 0-1. However, there is no existent bound for the coefficient. The closer Cronbach 's alpha coefficient is to 1.0 the greater the internal consistence of the points in the graduated table. Based upon the expression _ = rk / [ 1 + ( k -1 ) R ] where K is the figure of points considered and R is the mean of the inter-item correlativities the size of alpha is determined by both the figure of points in the graduated table and the average inter-item correlativities. George and Mallery ( 2003 ) provide the undermentioned regulations of pollex: `` _ & gt ; .9 - Excellent, _ & gt ; .8 - Good, _ & gt ; .7 - Acceptable, _ & gt ; .6 - Questionable, _ & gt ; .5 - Poor, and_ & lt ; .5 - Unacceptable '' .
In the instance of the obtained informations, the dependability coefficient is.887 which indicates good dependability coefficient. While increasing the value of alpha is partly dependent upon the figure of points in the graduated table, it should be noted that this has decreasing returns. It should besides be noted that an alpha of.8 is likely a sensible end. It should besides be noted that while a high value for Cronbach 's alpha indicates good internal consistence of the points in the graduated table, it does non intend that the graduated table is unidimensional. The dimensionality of the graduated table can be computed utilizing the factor analysis which will be discussed in the following subdivision.
Factor Analysis
The method followed here was to first analyze the initial responses of the participants with a position to choosing a subset of features that might act upon farther responses. Then, study responses were analysed at the point degree, utilizing figures, tabular arraies, or text entirely, to supply a first feeling.
These point degree responses were scrutinised for underlying forms via factor analytic processs ( Note that all processs reported here utilise SPSS ) . A requirement for including an point was that responses were non excessively severely skewed ( i.e. , 90 % or more of responses clustered in individual cell ) and that more by and large, the degree of response to that point was non deficient ( & lt ; 15-20 % ) to destabilize analysis. The factors identified in this manner correspond to the primary subjects or latent variables to which letter writers seem to be reacting in footings of assorted related points.
The protocol adopted here for factor analysis was to utilize default scenes ab initio ( Principal Axis Factor - PAF ) and to revolve the matrix of burdens to obtain extraneous ( independent ) factors ( Varimax rotary motion ) . The premier end of factor analysis is to individuality simple ( points loadings & gt ; 0.30 on merely one factor ) that are explainable, presuming that points are factorable ( The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin step of trying adequateness trials whether the partial correlativities among variables are little. Bartlett 's trial of sphericalness trials whether the correlativity matrix is an individuality matrix, bespeaking that the factor theoretical account is inappropriate ) .
Once clearly defined and explainable factors had been identified ( Factor loadings = & gt ; .10 were illustrated via an included tabular array even though merely point burdens & gt ; 0.30 were considered relevant to factor burdens ) , and responses related to these factors were saved in the signifier of factor tonss. These Bartlett factor tonss are tantamount to sub-scale or scale tonss with agencies of nothing and standard divergences of one ( z-scores ) , and with participants credited with separate tonss in relation to each identified factor.
A Principal Axis Factor ( PAF ) with a Varimax ( extraneous ) rotary motion of 22 of the 24 Likert scale inquiries from this study questionnaire was conducted on informations gathered from 20 participants. An scrutiny of the Kaiser-Meyer Olkin step of trying adequateness suggested that the sample was factorable ( KMO=.698 ) .
Descriptive Statisticss
The descriptive statistics computed the mean, standard divergence, and the discrepancy of in between constituents of the variable presented. Table 1 shows the sum-up of the said calculation. The calculation revealed that it has -3.439 random effects on the variables.
Table 1 - Summary of Descriptive Statistics Computation of Variables
Nitrogen
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Mistake
95 % Confidence Interval for Mean
Minimum
Maximum
Between- Component Discrepancy
Lower Boundary
Upper Bound
75
3
85.00
5.292
3.055
71.86
98.14
79
89
76
2
88.50
.707
.500
82.15
94.85
88
89
77
1
89.00
.
.
.
.
89
89
78
1
82.00
.
.
.
.
82
82
79
1
87.00
.
.
.
.
87
87
80
1
89.00
.
.
.
.
89
89
82
1
94.00
.
.
.
.
94
94
83
1
88.00
.
.
.
.
88
88
84
1
90.00
.
.
.
.
90
90
85
4
87.75
.957
.479
86.23
89.27
87
89
86
1
80.00
.
.
.
.
80
80
87
4
85.75
5.965
2.983
76.26
95.24
77
90
88
1
89.00
.
.
.
.
89
89
89
4
89.25
2.062
1.031
85.97
92.53
87
92
90
3
81.67
9.074
5.239
59.13
104.21
75
92
92
1
87.00
.
.
.
.
87
87
Entire
30
86.77
4.614
.842
85.04
88.49
75
94
Model
Fixed Effectss
4.953
.904
84.83
88.71
Random Effectss
.904a
84.84a
88.69a
-3.439
Another high spot of the descriptive statistics is the frequences of the evaluations achieved by the kindergartners. Tables 2 and 3 summarize the frequence.
Table 2 - Summary of Preschoolers Rating Frequency before Portfolio Assessment
Frequency
Percentage
Valid Percentage
Accumulative Percentage
Valid
75
3
9.7
10.0
10.0
76
2
6.5
6.7
16.7
77
1
3.2
3.3
20.0
78
1
3.2
3.3
23.3
79
1
3.2
3.3
26.7
80
1
3.2
3.3
30.0
82
1
3.2
3.3
33.3
83
1
3.2
3.3
36.7
84
1
3.2
3.3
40.0
85
4
12.9
13.3
53.3
86
1
3.2
3.3
56.7
87
4
12.9
13.3
70.0
88
1
3.2
3.3
73.3
89
4
12.9
13.3
86.7
90
3
9.7
10.0
96.7
92
1
3.2
3.3
100.0
Entire
30
96.8
100.0
Missing
System
1
3.2
Entire
31
100.0
Table 4 - Summary of Preschoolers Rating Frequency after Portfolio Assessment
Frequency
Percentage
Valid Percentage
Accumulative Percentage
Valid
75
1
3.2
3.3
3.3
77
1
3.2
3.3
6.7
78
1
3.2
3.3
10.0
79
1
3.2
3.3
13.3
80
1
3.2
3.3
16.7
82
1
3.2
3.3
20.0
87
7
22.6
23.3
43.3
88
3
9.7
10.0
53.3
89
9
29.0
30.0
83.3
90
2
6.5
6.7
90.0
92
2
6.5
6.7
96.7
94
1
3.2
3.3
100.0
Entire
30
96.8
100.0
Missing
System
1
3.2
Entire
31
100.0
One Way Analysis of Variance ( ANOVA )
One manner Analysis of Variance ( ANOVA ) is done with the dependant variable which is the reading development of the kindergartners with the independent variable which is the portfolio appraisal.
The computed F value for the tonss of the kindergartners is.745 which is greater value of significance which is.711. This show a important consequence of the portfolio appraisal in the addition of acquisition of the kindergartners based on a 0.05 degree of significance.
Discussion of Questionnaires
Question 1 - What are the things that can actuate kids to be interested in reading?
Based on the gathered consequences most of the kids are motivated to be interested in reading by agencies of the ocular artworks that accompany the stuffs. Besides, the kids are motivated based on the learning scheme of the instructors during the talks. Another relevant factor in the kids 's involvement is the wages system being given if they are making great in their several work.
Question 2 - In your observation, about how long does it take for kindergartners to accomplish entire reading development?
Based on the consequences gathered, most kindergartners achieve entire reading development in about six months. This is in close coordination of instructors every bit good as the parents in practising their kids. However, there are kindergartners that develop their full reading ability in about a twelvemonth. Assorted factors affect this such as the kid 's involvement, sum of coordination and monitoring of parents among others.
Question 3 - Based on your experience, what is the feedback that you get from pupils when they are making their portfolios?
Based on the consequences gathered, the common feedback that pupils have with respects to their portfolios is that it 's really interesting and they find it really utile towards the betterment. However there are pupils that are happening the portfolio really hard and finds it as a challenge.
Question 4 - What differences do you detect in the span of clip of reading development activities where portfolios are involved and those that are non?
Based on the collected consequences, the major difference observed in the underdeveloped activities of the pupils under the portfolio is that their comprehension has been improved. Besides, their involvement towards reading has been improved. Although there are pupils that does n't look to do a difference towards their reading attitude and wonts.
Those pupils that are non under the portfolio did non do any difference with respects to their reading attitude and wonts prior to the survey.
Question 5 - Do you believe the responses to these portfolios depend on the group of kids that are being taught?
Based on the gathered information from the instructors, the assorted responses of the kids on the portfolios being taught depends upon the age group of the kids. This was observed by the instructors with older pupils that develop their involvements and reading attitudes significantly. On the other manus, younger pupils under the portfolio does n't look to develop every bit much involvement as that of the older 1s.
Question 6 - Based on your professional experience, does a portfolio appraisal consequence accurately reflect the degree of reading development of a kid?
Based on the consequences gathered from the professional experience of the instructors, the portfolio appraisal can reflect the accurate degree of the kid 's reading development. As per Chen and Martin ( 2000 ) portfolio appraisal makes usage of happy standards that are indexs of success. Portfolio appraisal is an efficient tool for finding a pupil 's learning degree and degree of betterment. Portfolio appraisal besides encourages student-teacher interaction and therefore encourages interactive larning utilizing diverse instructional methods. Numerous surveies ( Chen & A ; Martin ; Colley & A ; Walker, 2003 ) demonstrated that portfolio appraisal can be helpful in bring oning acquisition, peculiarly in reading ( Afferblach, 2007 ; Hillmer & A ; Holmes, 2007 ) .
Question 7 - Describe the extent to which you believe the usage of portfolios in the schoolroom has improved reading direction.
The instructors interviewed in the survey believed that the extent of the betterment in the reading direction by agencies of the portfolios are important. Portfolios can supply grounds that pupils have met criterions that a assortment of learning techniques are used in the schoolroom, and that pupils are actively engaged in larning ( Damiani, 2004 ) . Portfolios can assist instructors assist pupils realistically appraise themselves by supplying specific qualitative ends and forms that avoid vagueness, unrealistic positive or negative self-evaluation, either-or thought ( the work is either good or bad ) , or perfectionism ( Damiani ) .
Question 8 - Based on your experience, should the usage of these portfolios be implemented in all schools that teach preschool kids?
Based on the response of the instructors, they believe that the execution of the usage of portfolios in schools that teach preschool kids is in topographic point. Student portfolios can besides function as theoretical accounts for instructors to develop their ain portfolios to demo their professional development. A instructor 's professional portfolio could include a statement of learning doctrine ; videotapes of successful categories, course of study stuffs developed ; class course of study ; sample lesson programs ; professional development ends and aims, professional development seminars, categories, or workshops attended ; articles published ; pupil ratings ; acknowledgment awards or certifications ; professional associations, and principal 's and supervisor 's ratings ( Attinello, Lare, & A ; Waters, 2006 ) .
Question 9 - What betterments can you propose for the betterments of these portfolios?
Most of the instructors ' suggestions sing the betterment of the portfolios are the customization of the portfolios into assorted reading ability degree. Portfolio-based appraisal is one option to standardise assessment methods and is believed to offer more authority as an appraisal method ( Miholic & A ; Moss, 2001: King, Patterson, & A ; Stolle, 2008 ) . While attacks involved in this method differ, they have in common digests of the work activities of pupils, besides known as the pupil portfolio ( Au, Raphael, & A ; Mooney, 2008 ; Berryman & A ; Russell, 2001 ; Hillmer & A ; Holmes, 2007 ) . This aggregation shows the attempts exerted by pupils and their personal academic development and accomplishment. Included in the aggregation are indicants of the engagement of pupils in choice of contents, standards for choice and judging virtues, and confirmations of the pupil 's self-reflection ( Miholic & A ; Moss ; Hillmer & A ; Holmes, 2007 ) . The portfolio is intended to incarnate a digest of the plants or attempts by pupils considered as their 'best ' ; that is, pupils ' personal choices of their sample work activities and of import paperss that pertain to accomplishments and advancement ( Lynch & A ; Struewing, 2001 ; Hope, 2005 ) .
Question 10 - What other stairss or processs do you urge to back up portfolio appraisal of kindergartners?
The most common recommendation based on the instructors ' responses is the portfolio should be customized depending on the degree of reading ability of the pupils. In some attacks, instructors normally scan through the portfolio and measure the work with mention to a hiting usher. In some instances, pupils or their schoolmates would besides rate their plants. A acquisition record is so prepared by the instructor, which shows the concluding mark with affiliated confirmations such as a sample essay ( Lynch & A ; Struewing, 2001 ; Hillmer & A ; Holmes, 2007 ; Hope, 2005 ) .
Decision
Chapter 4 is the presentation of the consequences, analysis and treatment of the informations gathered from the respondents of this survey. The quantitative informations gathered were analysed utilizing the statistical trials Cronbach 's Alpha for dependability of the information gathered ; Factor Analysis for the scrutiny of the initial responses of the respondents ; and One Way Analysis of Variance ( ANOVA ) for the dependant and independent variables. On the other manus, the qualitative informations were discussed in relation to the bing literature sing the topic of the survey.
The computed informations revealed that there 's a important consequence of the portfolio appraisal in the addition of acquisition of the kindergartners based on a 0.05 degree of significance.
