Science Study Notes-Grade 9

Science Study Notes An electrically uncharged object is neutral. Conduction is not a method of charging an object. If electric charged stay in one spot, they are said to be static.

In charging by induction, when a negatively charged rod is brought near a metal leaf electroscope the electrons in the electroscope move away from the rod. A statement that is not part of the Law of Electric Charges is that neutral objects are attracted to uncharged objects. The purpose of a GFCI is to protect people from getting electrocuted. True: Lightning can travel from cloud to cloud.

Secondary cells can be recharged. A long wire has a higher resistance than a short wire. False: Cells connected in parallel will make a bulb burn brighter. A voltmeter measures the electric current. Many electrical appliances are over 100% efficient.

The difference between a conductor and resistor is that a conductor is a material that lets electrons move freely from atom to atom, while a resistor does not let electrons move freely. Four safety concerns when doing a lab are: -always read labels on chemicals very carefully when doing experiments, follow directions given in the textbook, or given by Ms Bell -make sure caps on bottles are closed tightly to prevent spilling and evaporations -don’t pour chemicals into the sink unless you know it’s safe and you have the teacher’s permission Two types of observations are quantitative (numerical observations) and qualitative (observation including your senses). Mass is the amount of matter in an object. Volume is the amount of space an object takes up.

Density is the amount of matter per unit of volume.Malleability-can be hammered into sheets (aluminum is malleable, glass is brittle) Ductility-can be drawn into wires (copper is ductile) Viscosity- how easily a liquid flows (ketchup is very viscous, and water is not viscous) Boiling Point-when substances vaporize (at or above 100C) Lustre-shiny or dull Taste-sweet, sour, salty, bitter, etc. Texture-gritty, soft, coarse, silky, etc. Hardness-the measure of the resistance of a solid to being scratched or dented (diamond=hardest) a)3.

45cm=0. 000345km b)2456g=2,456,000mg c)4. 67cm3=46,700mL d)245km=24,500,000mmCalculate the density of a substance with mass 24. 5g and a volume of 240mL. Calculate the volume of a substance with mass of 34g and density of 2. 2 g/mL.

Physical change is a change in the state or form of a substance that does not change the original substance. Chemical change is the alteration of a substance into one or more different substances with different properties. Five states of chemical changes are: when a new colour appears, heat or light is given off, bubbles of gas are found, a solid material forms into a liquid, and the change is difficult to reverse.Combustion is the chemical reaction that occurs when a substance reacts rapidly with oxygen and releases energy. Atoms are tiny particles that are too small to be seen.

An element –there are 118 elements on the periodic table- they are made up of atoms. A molecule is the combination or two or more atoms. A compound is made up of elements that combine-they are made up of molecules. Electrolysis is the use of electricity to cause chemical changes in solutions.

A)H2SO4=2 hydrogen, 1 sulfur, 4 oxygen. B)NaCl=1 sodium, 1 chlorine C)Cu3PO4=3 copper, 1 phosphorus, 4oxygenD)Mg(OH)2=1 magnesium, 2 oxygen, 2 hydrogen The horizontal rows in the periodic table are called periods. The vertical rows in the periodic table are called families. Elements are placed in the same family because they all have the same number of electrons of the outer ring. Electricity Static electricity is a build-up of charge, Static means not moving.

Ex. Lightning shocks. The Law of Electric Charges is: opposite charges attract (+ attracts -, - attracts +), similar charge repel (+ and + repel, - and – repel), and natural objects are attracted to charged objects.Charging by friction is rubbing two objects together, causing a transfer of electrons. Charging by contact is when a charged object touches an uncharged object; the two objects share the charge.

Charging by induction is when an induced charge has a temporary rearrangement of electrons. The electrostatic series is a list of how well things hang on to electrons Acetate Glass Wool Fur/hair Silk Ebonite Plastic Rubber Gold An insulator is something that electrons are not able to move freely through, such as rubber and plastic. A conductor is an electrical conductor that lets electrons move freely from atom to atom.Ex.

Copper, aluminum, and some types of wood. Voltage is energy (electric potential) that each electron is given in a circuit. It is measured in volts (V). Current is the rate at which electric charges are moving past a point. It is measured in amperes (A).

A) B) A primary wet cell is A primary dry cell is A secondary cell is Cells are connected in series to increase the voltage, and to make the bulb burn brighter. Cells are connected in parallel because then there is more than one path for the electrons to flow through, and the battery will last longer.Resistance is the ability of a substance to slow the flow of electrons Connectors are wires. Electric circuit control devices can be a: switch, button, breaker, plug, remote, or dial. Electric load is an appliance that uses electricity, such as a bulb, hair dryer, T. V.

, IPod, and toaster. A source of electrical energy can be given from a battery, wall outlet, or generator. Grounding and discharging are similar because they both eliminate a charge. Grounding and discharging are different because grounding is connecting an object to earth, while discharging is just eliminating a charge.Ecology Biotic refers to all living things, while abiotic refers to all non-living things.

Biotic=robin, soil, spider, leaf, fungusAbiotic=water, wind, rain, sun A producer is an organism that makes its own energy-rich food compounds using the Sun’s energy. A consumer is any factor that eats another factor of their ecosystem. A decomposer is..

. A carnivore eats only meat, while the herbivore eats only plants, and an omnivore eats both plants and meat. The Sun is the source of all energy on earth. Albedo is a measurement of the percentage of light that an object reflects.

The albedo of snow is how much snow there is, or the predicament of how much snow there will be. Photosynthesis converts the Sun’s energy into chemical energy. Carbon dioxide + water ?? sugar + oxygen Cellular respiration converts sugar into carbon dioxide, water, and energy. Sugar + oxygen ?? carbon dioxide + water + energy The four major biomes in Canada are the tundra, the boreal forest, grassland, and the temperate deciduous forest. BiomeAbioticBiotic Tundra low precipitationrapid flowering plants Boreal Forest harsh climateseed-eating birds Grassland rich, fertile soilgrassesTemp.

Deciduous forest precipitation up to 100cm/yearwoodpeckers Extinct-a species that no longer found anywhere Endangered-a species close to extinction in all significantly large locations Extirpated-any species that no longer exists in one part of Canada, but can be found in another Vulnerable-any species that is at risk because of low or declining numbers Threatened- any species that is likely to become endangered if factors that make it vulnerable are not reversed The three numbers on a fertilizer label are N (nitrogen), K (potassium), and P (phosphorus).They are used for... Astronomy Review My Very Energetic Mother Just Served Us Nachos The universe is everything that exists; a galaxy is a huge collection of gas dust and hundreds of millions of stars and planets, while our solar system is just the sun, and all the objects that travel around it (such as the planets and the moon).

A planet is matter that revolves around a star, while a star is matter that emits huge amounts of energy. A constellation is groups of stars that form shapes or patterns. You can see the Little Dipper and Cassiopeia all year long.Another name for the Little Dipper is Ursa Minor, and another name for the Big Dipper is Ursa Major.

Another name for Cassiopeia is The Queen, and another name for Polaris is the North Star. Polaris is very important because it defines true north, it sits above the North Pole, so all other stars seem to rotate around it, and it is the pointer star for Ursa Minor. Stonehenge is located in Salisbury, England. New Grange is in Ireland.

The Great Pyramids are in Giza. Jupiter was hit by a comet in 1994. Mars is red. Venus has sulphuric acid in its air. Uranus spins on its side.Jupiter is the largest planet.

Saturn has the most rings. Pluto is no longer considered a planet. Mercury and Venus have no moons. An asteroid is a small rocky object.

The asteroid belt is in between Mars and Jupiter, Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon. We have seasons because Earth is tilted 23. 5 degrees. The Earth’s orbital period is 365. 25 days.

A meteor is a bright streak of light across the sky caused by a meteoroid, while a meteorite is a meteoroid that reaches the ground. The period of revolution is one object moving around another.The life cycle of a massive star is: (30-100x the sun) Normal life (one million years) (extremely hot) Red supergiant Large supernova Black hole A white dwarf is the very end of a small-medium star. Large telescopes are built on top of high mountains to escape all city lights, to escape all the dust and pollution in the atmosphere, and to get above the clouds The Big Bang Theory states that 10-15 billion years ago all the matter in the universe was packed into one small, extremely dense hot mass under pressure. The name of the process that creates energy in our sun is nuclear fusion.

Starting with the inner core, the parts of the sun are; inner core, outer core, photosphere, atmosphere, and then the corona. A light year is the distance that light travels in one year. 1 light year=9. 46x1012 km The apparent magnitude means how bright a star appears to be shining to us, while the absolute magnitude is how bright the star is actually shining. Not all stars are the same distance away from Earth.

HOT blue (25,000C-50,000C)? White? Yellow? Orange ? COLD Red (2,000C-3,500C) Three types of galaxies are spiral (flower), elliptical (big bean), and irregular.