Mark Twain and his masterpiece

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
________
A Research Paper
Presented to Mr. Neil
of Chula Vista High School
________
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for English 10 Honors/Gate
________
By:
Id #: 937228
May 16, 1996
Outline
I.Samuel Clemens
A. Who he is
B. Where he was born
C. Family

II.

How Samuel came to be Mark Twain
A. His working life
B. First writings

III. The Adventures of Huck Finn
A. Story Plot
1. The outside of the book
2.

The inside of the book
B. Critics of the book.1.Characterization
IV. Samuel Clemens Downfall
A. Family Life
1.

Deaths
B. Money Problems
1. Bankruptcy
2. Move to Europe
C. His comeback
D.

His death
V.Effects of Twain's stories
A. How he affected his era
B. How the era affected his writings

VI.Conclusion
A.

My feelings
B. End notes
C. Bibliography


Samuel Clemens was an American writer and humorist who's best work is shown
by broad social satire, realism of place and language, and memorable characters.Clemens was born November 30, 1835, in Florida, Missouri. His family moved to
Hannibal, Mississippi when he was four. There he received a public school education.

Samuel Clemens was a difficult child, given to mischief and mis adventure. He barely
escaped drowning on nine separate occasions. His fathers death was a calamity in which
Samuel was not prepared for. Albert Bigelow Paine, Clemens official biographer, offers
the following glimpse of the young Clemens


"The boy Sam was fairly broken down. Remorse, which always
dealt with him unsparingly, laid a heavy hand on him now.

Wildness,
disobedience, indifference to his fathers wishes, all were remembered; a
hundred things, in themselves trifling, became ghastly and heart-wringing
in the knowledge that could never be undone. Seeing his grief, his mother
took him by the hand and led him into where his father lay."
"It's all right, Sammy," she said. "What's done is done, and it
does not matter to him anymore; but here by the side of him now I want
you to promise to me-"
He turned, his eyes streaming with tears, and flung himself into
her arms.

"I will promise anything ," he sobbed, "if you won't make me go
to school! Anything!
His mother held him for a moment, thinking, then she said:
"No, Sammy; you need not go to school anymore. Only promise
to be a better boy. Promise not to break my heart."


After his fathers death, Clemens got a hold of two Hannibal printers, and in 1851
began setting type and contributing articles to his brothers newspaper, The Hannibal
Journal. After leaving his first job he took his printers and became a journeyman printer
in Keokuk, Iowa, New York City, Philadelphia, and other cities, and then a steamboat
pilot until the break out of the American Civil War which brought end to traveling on the
river. After a failed attempt at silver mining in 1862 he became a reporter on the
Territorial Enterprise in Virginia City, Nevada, and later in 1863 began signing his articles
with the pseudonym "Mark Twain," a Mississippi River phrase meaning two fathoms
deep.

After the move to San Francisco in 1864, Twain met the writers Artmeus Ward and
Bret Harte, who encouraged him on his work. In 1865 Twain rewrote a tail he heard in
the California gold fields and within months the author and the story, "The Celebrated
Jumping Frog of Calaveras County," had become a national sensation. In later years Twain visited Europe and the Holy Lands which he wrote about in
the book, "The Innocents Abroad," which was published in 1869. This book discussed
those aspects of the Old World culture which impress American tourists. 1870 is the year
in which he married his loving wife Olivia Langdon.

After a short time in Buffalo the
newlywed couple moved to Hartford, Connecticut. In the years between 1870 and 1880
much of Twains best work was written. The book Roughing It recalls his early
experiences as a minor and a journalist; The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, a book
celebrating boyhood in a town on the Mississippi River, was published in 1867; A Tramp
Abroad, published in 1880, describes a walking trip through the Black Forest of Germany
and the Swiss Alps. Along with four other books, Twain wrote his adventurous
masterpiece, the sequel to Tom Sawyer, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, which was
published in 1884.

This was the first of his books to deal with childhood and the
Mississippi River Valley in which himself had grown-up. It took Twain seven years to
write the book and it initially met mixed receptions, rejected in some places as "rough,
coarse and inelegant. . . more suited to the slums then to intelligent, respectable
people.

"But in his lifetime, Huckleberry Finn became the most remunerative of all his
works, and has since been called an American classic. "This book was praised by T.S. Eliot, celebrated by Ernest Hemingway, and recommended by thousands of high-school
reading teachers." Twain's best novel now holds the burden of much criticism that the
work itself threatens to become lost amid the almost endless volume devoted to its
explication.

There is no question that Huckleberry Finn has become "one of the central
documents of American culture.""A book that can delight both fourteen-year-olds and
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graduate professors of literature is rare indeed, and we should give it careful attention."
We should not take an exaggerated reverence to this book.

Twain himself, who devoted
so much of his time and energy into his book, would find it ironic if we did so. The setting of this novel is in the Mississippi River Valley, "forty to fifty years
ago" according to the original tittle page of 1885. This story was told by Huck. "Huck has
been living with the widow Douglas and her sister, Miss Watson, an experience that has
left him feeling "all cramped up." Accustomed to being "free and easy," he cannot abide
life within this well-regulated household, where he is expected to sit up straight, do his
homework, and pray to a God he cannot see.

" Huck is always looking for adventure. "All
I wanted was to go somewheres SIC," he tells us, "all I wanted was a change. I warn't
SIC particular."
Huck believes that his abusive father is dead so it is a surprise to him that his father
is waiting for him when he came back to the house.

His father wants money which had
come to Huck at the end of Tom Sawyer. He claims his son and brings him to a remote
cabin in the woods. He suffers from delirium tremens and in one of there many physical
fights, Hucks father comes at him with a knife. Realizing that he cannot live with his father
anymore he fakes his death and takes a canoe to Jackson Island." There he meets a
runaway slave named Jim and they begin a series of adventures on the Mississippi River.

The whole story is based around the part where
Jim is captured and then Huck meets Tom Sawyer. They free Jim and then there is no real
ending to the story. It ends with a quote that Huck is saying, "To light out for the
Territory. . .

because Aunt Sally is going to adopt me and sivilize me and I can't stand it. I
been there before."
Many readers are disappointed that the novel ended this way. They wanted Jim and
Huck to become some kind of heroes and they live happily ever after but, it didn't, and
that is why it has raised such bad criticism. Bernard DeVoto complained that "in the whole
reach of the English novel there is no more abrupt or chilling descent." More recent
critics have dismissed the conclusion as a "travesty" and "a failure of nerve.

" As Walter
Blair has explained,
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"The chief crimes are against characterization: Jim, whom
the reader and Huck have come to love and admire, becomes a
victim of meaningless torture, a cartoon. Huck, who has fought
against codes of civilization, follows one of the silliest of them."


On the other hand many well known critics, most notably T.

S. Eliot, have tried to
defend the conclusion saying that it has "a certain aptness" that lets Twain restate his
primary goal in another key and beat his way back from inicipent tragedy to the comic
resolution called for in the original conception of the story. But this approach emphasizes
the structure of the novel, and structure is a big part, but it is also a mechanical part of the
story. "Robert Miller believes that the conclusion can be defended in the very area where
it seems the most vulnerable, characterization. If the final chapters of the novel seem to
divest both Huck and Jim of their dignity, it is because Twain never intended them to be
perceived as "a community of saints.

" The widespread dissatisfaction with the novel's
resolution may well spring from the fact that modern readers may take Huck and Jim too
seriously. If we take a look at them throughout the novel we see that they are "attractive
but imperfect." Some people don't recognize the limitations of these characters so they
might seem them as super heroes. But they aren't, they are just regular people. Huck is a skeptic, as shown by his disregard for Miss Watson's vision of
Providence and his unwillingness to accept Tom Sawyer's lies for instance, Tom over
exaggerates a normal Sunday picnic into being a crowd of Spaniards, Arabs, and
elephants.

Huck believes in things he can see and touch which makes him shrewder then
most of the adults in the novel. He is also very superstitious as in the part of the novel
when he gets upset after he accidentally kills a spider. He thinks that it will bring him bad
luck. Or when he sees nothing funny in Jim's beliefs of witches.

Huck is also very honest
but, he does lie a lot. These lies can't really be called lies though because of there
transparency. For example when he dresses up like a girl to try and get some local news. When he is confronted by Buck he can't even remember his assumed name.

Jim is a very loving caring person, an example of this would be when Jim thought
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that Huck had drowned and became very mournful. Then Huck found his way back to the
raft and found Jim asleep, so the next morning Huck said that he had never left the raft. After Jim found out about this little practical joke he said,
"When I got all wore out wid work, en wid de callin' for
you, en went to sleep, my heart wuz mos' broke bekase you wuz
los', en I didn' k'yer no mo' what become er me en de raf'. En
when I wake up en fine you back agin', all safe en soun', de tears
come en I could a got down on my knees en kiss' yo' foot I's so
thankful. En all you wuz thinkin 'bout wuz how you could make a
fool uv ole Jim wis a lie.

Dat truck dah is trash; en trash is what
people is dat put dirt on de head er dey fren's en makes 'em
ashamed."SIC


At this point Huck realizes that Jim is a person with feelings also and he can be hurt just
like anybody else. After this moment Huck never tells a lie or plays a practical joke on Jim
throughout the rest of the story. Twain's work during the 1890s and the 1900s is marked by growing pessimism
from the result of his business reverses and later the deaths of his wife and his two
daughters. Twain also invested in a automatic printing machine but, this failed and he lost
money. He then had to file for bankruptcy.

Do to the fact of the money problems and the
death of his family Twain moved to Europe. There he kept writing but, his writings
weren't funny. He talked about the way the world stinks and how everybody is corrupt. No novels Twain wrote in this period even came close to Huck Finn but, some of the best
works are Pudd'nhead Wilson.

Another of his writings is the Personal Recollections of
Joan Arc, a sentimental biography. Through these novels he was able to make a comeback
and able to live wealthy again until his death in New York City on April 21, 1910. Twain raised his voice in protest at a time when American life was dominated by
the materialism and corruption of the so called Gilded-Age following the civil war. His
writings were inspired by the unconventional west. One of America's most important
writers, Twain is renowned as a humorist, but his literary reputation also rests on his
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realistic use of dialects and the vernacular, especially of the Mississippi River Valley,
realistic characters and scenes makes his stories that much better.

Through Twain's novel he was able to express what he felt. The reason that he
wrote some of the novels so well is because that he lived his writing. Twain lived in the
deep south so therefore he used settings that contained the deep south. Many of the things
in which Huck did in the story relates to what Twain did or wanted to do as a young child. Twain must have like his childhood somewhat for him to reflect back on it through his
stories and to also use humor in it.

He thought his life as a child was funny. I believed that Twain was a very good writer. All of his adventurous books are
loved by millions of young children and adults. Twain was a great writer when he was
living and even a better one when he died. I wonder if there is anything really deep about
the books Twain wrote or if they were just written for the pure reason for entertainment? I
believe that this book represents an on going struggle that will never be resolved.

According to Roger Salomon,
"Both Huck and Jim are related to the demigods of the
river, to the barbarous primitivism of the Negro, and beyond that
to the archetypal primitives of the Golden Age, instinctively good,
uncorrupted by reason, living close to nature and more influenced
by its portents then by the conventions of civilization."

I believe that Salomon is looking for something that is just not there. I don't think that
Twain is trying to make some real deep point about Huck and Jim. Salomon perceives
these people as cave men. He is trying to tell us that this story is about the beginning of
life. He is looking too hard.

Mark Twain has been a famous writer for a long time and he
will always be looked back on as one of the best American writers not just of his time but,
through out history. If you read one of his books I wouldn't recommend reading it for
some deep meaning because I do bot believe that you will find one. Just read for the fun of
it.
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