Exam 1 Review Guide: (Introduction to Anatomy, Chemistry, Cell) Note: 90 % of the exam will come from this review guide. 10% will come from masteringaandp. com, the text or material covered in the lecture and not posted on the lecture slides. Introduction to Anatomy • What is the definition of anatomy? • What is the definition of physiology? • What is homeostasis? • What are the two ways in which homeostasis is maintained? • What are the directional terms used to find things in the body? o For example, what are the medical terms for the following? o Up/down o Right/left o Close/far Closer to the midline/farther from the midline o Same side/opposite side o Face up/face down o Etc. (maybe more) • What are the major cavities of the body? • What are the planes of the body? • What are the body regions? o For example, what are the medical terms for the following? o Arm o Forearm o Wrist o Hand o Fingers o Thumb o Elbow o Front of elbow o Point of elbow o Thigh o Knee o Knee cap o Leg o Calf o Foot o Sole of foot o Head o Neck o Chest o Lungs o Heart o Groin o Pelvis (front) o Low back o Buttocks o Etc. (maybe more) • What are the four abdominal quadrants and what major organs are found in each quadrant? What are the levels of organization and what is the order? Chemistry • What are the four major elements of the body? • What are the lesser or trace elements of the body? • What are the three subatomic particles and what charge do they carry? • What is an isotope? • What is the difference between an atom and an element? • What are the three major types of chemical bonds? How do they differ? o Give examples for each. • What three atoms are associated with hydrogen bonding? • What are the two major types of chemical reactions? • Do you make or use energy when you make a bond? Break a bond? What is the difference between a catalyst and an enzyme? • What is the major atom/element contained in organic compounds? • What is an acid? • What is a base? • What is pH the measure of? • If aspirin is a weakly acidic drug, where is it most likely to be absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract? Why? • Is lemon juice an example of an acid or a base? • Is household chlorine an example of an acid or a base? • What are the four major types of organic compounds? • What are examples of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides? • What are examples of lipids? • What are examples of proteins? What are the building blocks of proteins? • What do proteins contain that carbohydrates and lipids do not? • What are the two major types of nucleic acids? • What are the two major types of purines? • What are the three major types of pyrimidines? • Which purines are bonded to which pyrimidines? How many hydrogen bond hold them together? • What is DNA? • What is RNA? • What are the nucleotides (chains of nucleic acids) composed of? • What are the two major parts of metabolism? • What are the high compounds which store energy? Cells • What is the plasma membrane composed of? What is the function of the plasma membrane? • What are the two different types of plasma membrane proteins? • What are the three functions of membrane proteins? • Where are glycolipids only found? • What are the three major types of membrane junctions? o What are their functions • What is osmosis? • What is diffusion? • What are the two major types? • What is active transport? • What are the major types? • What is endocytosis/exocytosis? • What are the different types of endocytosis? • What is phagocytosis? • What is pinocytosis? • What is clathrin-mediated/receptor-mediated endocytosis? What is the cytoplasm? Cytosol? • What are the major organelles of the cell? • What are their functions? o For example, what is the function of the following organelles? o Mitochondria o Peroxisomes o Lysosomes o Edoplasmic reticulum ? Smooth ? Rough o Golgi apparatus o Cytoskeleton o Centrioles o Ribosomes o Etc. (Maybe more) • What are cilia? • What is the nucleus? What does it contain? • What is chromatin? • What is the cell cycle? • When is DNA replicated? • What does the cell undergo cell division? • What is mitosis? • What are the phases of mitosis? What occurs during each phase? What is meiosis? How does it differ from mitosis? • What are the phases of meiosis? • What is transcription? From what to what? • What is translation? From what to what? Tissues • What makes up tissues? • What are the 4 different types of tissues? • What are the different types of epithelial tissues? • How do you name the epithelial tissues? o Simple o Stratified o Pseudostratified o Transitional o Squamous o Cuboidal o Columnar o Etc. (look for more) • Where are these epithelial tissues located? • What are the major functions of each? • What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands? Where do you find goblet cells? • What is the function of goblet cells? • What are the different types of exocrine glands? (Structures) • What is the difference between merocrine and holocrine glands? • What are the different types of connective tissues? o Loose o Areolar o Adipose o Reticular o Dense o Regular o Irregular o Cartilage (Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrous) o Bone (Osseous) o Blood • What are their (above) functions and where are they found? • What 3 structural elements make up connective tissue? • What are the characteristics of nervous tissue? • What are the 3 different types of muscle tissue? What the differences? What are the similarities? • What are the characteristics for each? • What happens in tissue repair? Skin Tissue • What are the 3 major regions of the skin? • What are the 4 cells of the epidermis? What are their functions? • What are the 4 or 5 layers of the epidermis? • Where do you find stratum lucidum? • What is also called the basal layer? What is also called stratum germinativum? o What do you find in this layer? • What is also called the prickly layer? o What do you find in this layer? • What is also called the granular layer? o What do you find in this layer? What is also called the clear layer? o What do you find in this layer? • What is also called the horny layer? o What do you find in this layer? • Is the epidermis vascular? • What are the 2 major divisions of the dermis? o What do you find in each layer? • What do you find in the hypodermis or subcutaneous layer? • What are the 3 pigments that contribute to skin color? • What are the 4 different types of sweat glands? Where do you find each? • What are sebaceous glands? • Where do you find hair? o What is its function? o What is its structure? o What is the hair follicle? What are the 2 different types of hair and when or where are they found? o What is alopecia and what are some ways to treat it? • What are nails? o What is its structure? • What are some of the functions of the integumentary system? • What are the 3 major types of skin cancer? o What are the degrees of severity? o What is the most dangerous? o What is the ABCD rule? • What are burns? o What is a first degree burn? Example? o What is a second degree burn? Example? o What is a third degree burn? Example? o What is the rule of NINES? Bone Tissue • What type of tissue is cartilage? o Structure? Function? • What makes up cartilage? o Ground substance? o Fibers? o Cells? • What are the 3 different types of cartilage? o Where do you find each type? • What are the different types of growth for cartilage and which direction do they occur? o Appositional o Interstitial • Is cartilage vascular? • What are the 2 major divisions of the skeleton? • What are the 4 major shape classifications for bone? • What are some major functions of bone? • What are the major bone markings and how are they described? o Tuberosity o Crest o Trochanter o Line o Tubercle o Epicondyle o Spine o Process Head o Facet o Condyle o Ramus o Meatus o Sinus o Fossa o Groove o Fissure o Foramen • What is: o Diaphysis? o Epiphysis? o Metaphysis? o Epiphyseal line? o Periosteum? o Medullary cavity? • Is bone vascular? • What type of tissue is bone? o Structure? o Function? • What makes up bone tissue? o Ground substance? o Fibers? o Cells? • What types of bones contain spongy bone? • What is the function of red bone marrow? o In infants? o In adults? • What is the function of yellow bone marrow? • What is the functional (or basic) unit of the bone? • What are Haversian systems (or osteons)? What are: o Lamella o Haversian (central) canals o Volkmann’s canals o Canaliculi o Osteocytes o Osteogenic cells o Osteoblasts o Osteoclasts • What do you find in lacunae? • What is endochondral ossification and where does it occur? o What are the 5 stages? • What is intramembranous ossification? Example? • What are the functional zones in long bone growth? o What are the 3 zones? • How does growth hormone (GH) affect bone growth before puberty (and epiphyseal growth plate closure)? • How does growth hormone (GH) affect bone growth after puberty (and epiphyseal growth plate closure)? What are the two hormones released at puberty? o What type of closure occurs as a result? o What type of growth does this closure end? • What is the difference between bone deposition and resorption? • What is calcium used for? • What is the function of calcitonin? o Where does it come from? • What is the function of parathyroid hormone? o Where does it come from • What is Wolff’s law? • Fractures? o Comminuted o Compression o Spiral o Epiphyseal o Depressed o Greenstick • What are the stages of bone healing? • What is: o Osteomalacia o Rickets o Osteoporosis o Paget’s disease