In Malaysia, Fire Rescue Department or popularly known as Bomba is the fire and deliverance services bureau. The fire safety criterions must be implemented by following the ordinances in the Uniform Building By-Law ( UBBL ) 1984, National Fire Protection Association ( NFPA ) Codes and Standards and Fire Services Act 1988.
2.1.1 Uniform Building By-Law ( UBBL ) 1984
Uniform Building By-Law ( UBBL ) 1984 is a published papers, which is used as a needed safety criterion and besides is emphasized by the authorities. The Standing Committee recommended that life safety of the edifice residents must be considered first and it is to be achieved by giving the minimal demand sing to the assorted facets. The assorted facets refer to issue for the residents, spread of fire within the edifice or from one edifice to another one edifice and agencies of sensing and extinction of fires.
In UBBL 1984, 80 per centum emphasized on life safety demand and 20 per centum are staying on the belongings protection of a edifice ( Goh, 2009 ) . Besides, the basic demands of the UBBL are equal fire protection stuffs and building system to do certain the safety of the life and belongings in the edifice during the fire. Furthermore, UBBL 1984 besides stated some fire demands sing the building design in order to minimise and diminish the hazard of fire.
Automatic fire sprinkler system is mentioned in Uniform Building By-Law 1984 at Part VIII ( Fire Alarm, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access ) .
2.1.2 National Fire Protection Association ( NFPA )
National Fire Protection Association is an international non-profit organisation which is authorized on fire, electrical and edifice safety. The NFPA was established in 1896 and it serves as the universe 's prima advocator in fire bar and is an important beginning for information on fire safety ( Tharmarajan, 2007 ) . Besides that, NFPA develops, publishes, and disseminates about 300 consensus codifications and criterions which intended to minimise the effects of fire and other hazard. Actually for every edifice, procedure, service, design, and installing in society today is already affected by NFPA paperss ( National Fire Protection Association, 2009 ) .
Automatic fire sprinkler is mentioned in NFPA 13 ( Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems ) , NFPA 25 ( Standard for the Inspection, Testing, Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection System )
2.1.3 Fire Services Act 1988
The Fire Services Act 1988 is implemented to do necessary proviso for the effectual and efficient operation of the fire Services Department. In add-on, this act is besides for the protection of individual and belongings from fire hazards and other intents connected therewith. This Act most likely explains the responsibilities of the Fire service Department, which consists of implementing fire bar, fire safety review and fire jeopardy suspension, probe and prosecution ( Tharmarajan, 2007 ) .
2.2 Types of fire sprinkler systems
Fire sprinkler systems are the most of import and successful of the fire contending systems. There are five chief types of fire sprinkler system which are wet pipe, dry pipe, pre-action, re-cycling and surrogate moistures and dry pipe. The three extra types of fire sprinkler system which are tail-end surrogate, tail-end dry pipe and flood. These three systems may be combined with wet pipe and/or surrogate moisture and dry pipe sprinkler system to organize extensions. The type of sprinkler systems to be selected for the edifice will be depended on type of edifice and type of stuffs to be protected ( Hassan, 1996 ) . For illustration, a storage installation that shops extremely flammable liquids will necessitate a different sprinkler system from a shopping Centre.
2.2.1 Wet pipe system
Wet pipe systems are the most common fire sprinkler system that have been utilizing in the edifice. This sprinkler system is suited used in het edifices where temperatures remain above 0 and there is no hazard of the H2O in the sprinkler system stop deading ( Hassan, 1996 ) . Water is invariably maintained within the distribution piping. When a fire produced the heat, it will do the nearest sprinkler caputs to open at their operating temperature. Water will instantly dispatch onto the fire, at the same clip the flow of H2O activates a hydraulicly operated dismay bell outside the edifice and agreements can besides be made to alarm the local Fire Brigade ( Hassan, 1996 ) . Figure 2.1 shows a typical moisture sprinkler system where the H2O supply is taken straight from the H2O chief. Figure 2.2 shows how the pipe connected the dismay valve to an dismay tam-tam and turbine.
The entire figure of sprinklers that connected to an installing will be different for light jeopardy, ordinary jeopardy and high jeopardy and, depending on the fortunes. Besides that, the figure of sprinklers system fitted to each installing will change over the scope of 500 to 1000 ( Hassan, 1996 ) .
When fire sprinkler systems installed in a high rise edifice, the difference in tallness between the lowest and the highest sprinkler in an installing must non be greater than 45 metres ( Hassan, 1996 ) . Distribution pipes are to be connected independently to the chief rise pipe at the floor being served and no subdivision shall widen to more than one floor, mean that each subdivision being served by a separate chief rise pipe.
Figure 2.1 Figure 2.2
2.2.1.1 Advantages of moisture pipe sprinkler system
Simplicity and dependability system
Wet pipe sprinkler systems have the fewest figure of constituents and necessitate less installing clip comparison to other systems. Due to the system 's simpleness, the system care may non be performed as the coveted frequence. The dependability of moisture pipe sprinkler system is of import since sprinklers may be used to standby for many old ages before they are needed ( API Group, 2003 ) .
Fiscal salvaging
The installing and care disbursal for wet pipe sprinkler system are comparative low ( API Group, 2003 ) . It is because moisture pipe sprinkler systems require least sum of installing clip and besides less service clip is required.
Ease of alteration
The plants to modify the moisture pipe sprinkler system include closing down the H2O supply, run outing pipes and doing changes. After so, the undermentioned work is to coerce prove the system and reconstruct it. Additional work for sensing and particular control equipment is evitable which may salvage the clip and cost ( API Group, 2003 ) .
Shorter clip to mend after fire
Wet pipe sprinkler systems require the least sum of attempt and clip to reconstruct after a fire ( API Group, 2003 ) . In most cases, fire sprinkler is reinstated by replacing the amalgamate sprinklers and turning the H2O supply back on. For other types of sprinkler systems, it may necessitate extra attempt to reset control equipment.
2.2.1.2 Disadvantages of moisture pipe sprinkler system
The disadvantages of moisture pipe sprinkler system are that it can non be installed in an country where distribution pipes are exposed to stop deading temperatures. It is because the H2O inside the distribution pipe will go solid if exposed to stop deading temperatures.
2.2.2 Dry pipe system
This system may merely be used in the conditions that it is impossible to utilize a moisture pipe system, or jump moistures and dry type system. Dry pipe sprinkler systems are installed in countries where distribution pipes are exposed to stop deading temperatures. For illustration, dry pipe sprinkler systems will be installed at unwarmed edifices and parking garages.
The system between dry pipe system and wet pipe system are different. The difference is that, wet pipe sprinkler systems contain H2O but dry pipe sprinkler systems contain tight air. The tight air is supplied by an electric air compressor, N bottles, or other beginning. In add-on, the air force per unit area inside the pipes that is about one-third to one-half times greater than the maximal H2O force per unit area.
Dry pipe sprinkler systems have a valve applauder and dismay port. The map of dry pipe valve applauder is to divide between air force per unit area and H2O force per unit area at the valve interface. When a fire starts, fire release the heat causes a sprinkler caput to open and the tight air would be released. Once this happened, H2O will come in the pipe and fluxing through unfastened sprinkler onto the fire.
Due to this system is apt to endure frost harm, it is of import that the pipe work should be self-draining and sprinkler caputs must be fitted above the scope pipes. The figure of sprinkler fitted to each installing shall be within the scope 125 to 500, and depends on whether or non an gas pedal has been fitted to the system ( Hassan, 1996 ) . Figure 2.3 shows how sprinkler caputs fitted above the scope pipe.
Figure 2.3 ( Beginnings from Hassan, 1996 )
2.2.2.1 Advantages of dry pipe sprinkler system
Suitable for stop deading temperatures
Dry pipe sprinkler systems are suited to be installed in countries where distribution pipes are exposed to stop deading temperatures. For illustration, dry pipe installings include unwarmed edifices and parking garages.
Suitable for H2O sensitive countries
The advantage of dry pipe sprinkler systems is that it is suited to be used to protect aggregations and other H2O sensitive countries while the moisture pipe system does non. While a physical harm on the moisture pipe sprinkler systems will do the pipes leaking, dry pipe sprinkler system will non. It will take 1 minute to let go of the air inside the pipes before H2O flowing.
2.2.2.2 Disadvantages of dry pipe sprinkler system
Increased complexness
Harmonizing to API Group, dry pipe sprinkler systems require extra control equipment and air force per unit area supply constituents which will increase complexness of the systems. If proper care is non followed for this sprinkler system, the system would be less dependable.
Higher installing and care cost
The installing cost for dry pipe sprinkler system will be higher since the complexness degree is higher and installing clip is longer comparison to wet pipe system. Besides that, the care cost will besides be higher due to labor accomplishment is required to keep this complex sprinkler systems.
Lower design flexibleness
There are rigorous demands sing the upper limit permitted size of single dry pipe systems ( API Group, 2003 ) . These restrictions may impact the ability of an proprietor to do system add-ons.
Increased fire response clip
The entire clip taken from sprinkler caput opens until H2O is discharged onto the fire is up to 60 seconds ( API Group, 2003 ) . The fire snuff outing actions will be delay for 60 seconds and caused the fire harm to the edifice addition.
Increased corrosion potency
Dry pipe sprinkler systems must be wholly drained and dried. If there is H2O staying inside the pipe, it will do corrosion and premature failure. This sort of job will non go on on moisture pipe system because the H2O is invariably maintained in piping.
2.2.3 Pre-action system
Pre-action sprinkler systems are installed in H2O sensitive environments such as computing machine suites, library and paper records office. When in an existent fire status, these systems will run to salvage the edifice and its constituents from fire harm. It will give earliest warning if detected of burning in the protected countries and which will originate from the action of a fume sensor. This will gives adequate clip for the eruption to be dealt with satisfactorily by utilizing portable asphyxiators.
The pre-action system is similar to a dry pipe system and flood system. The difference between pre-action system and dry pipe system is that the air force per unit area may or may non be used for pre-action system. The difference between pre-action system and flood system is that the valve is electronically held closed and standard `` closed '' are used for pre-action system.
Two separate events must be presented to originate sprinkler discharge onto the fire. First, the sensing system identifies a underdeveloped fire and so automatically sprinkler system would open the pre-action valve. When the pre-action valve is opened, it allows H2O to flux into system shrieking. Second, each of the sprinkler caputs will verify whether there is fire so merely permit H2O flow onto the fire.
This system must be self-draining. For pre-action sprinkler system installing, the maximal Numberss of sprinklers that may be fitted to an installing for light jeopardy is about 500, ordinary jeopardy and high jeopardy is about 1000 ( Hassan, 1996 ) .
2.2.3.1 Advantages of pre-action sprinkler system
The double action required H2O release
The double action here means that the pre-action valve must run and sprinkler caput must blend so merely H2O release ( API Group, 2003 ) . This characteristic provides dual degree of protection against accidental discharge. With this ground, pre-action sprinkler systems are often installed in H2O sensitive countries such as book libraries, computing machine centres and etc.
2.2.3.2 Disadvantages of pre-action sprinkler system
Higher installing and care cost
Pre-action sprinkler systems are more complex with several extra constituents, such as fire sensing system. Thus the installing and care cost will go higher due to the add-ons system required.
Alteration troubles
Pre-action sprinkler systems have specific size restrictions which may impact hereafter system alterations ( API Group, 2003 ) . Besides that, system alterations must integrate alterations to the fire sensing and control system to guarantee proper operation.
Potential decreased dependability
The higher degree of complexness with pre-action sprinkler systems the higher possibility that something may non work when needed. Regular care is needed to guarantee dependability.
2.2.4 Alternate moisture and dry pipe system
This system is used for those developments in which the H2O in the pipes may stop dead when alteration in the clime and where the encompassing temperature does non transcend 70. For illustration, the system is operated 'dry ' in winter and 'wet ' in the summer.
The system inside the pipes will be alterations by following the clime, when it is dry pipe system so the pipes contain tight air, and when it is alterations to wet pipe system so the pipes are filled with H2O.
In some instances, this system may necessitate a duplicate of the automatic dismay valves, which may be connected in analogue. The benefit of the automatic dismay valves is to installations an easy conversion at the bend of the season. Besides that, the system must be self-draining and the figure of sprinkler fitted to each installing shall be within the scope 125 to 500 ( Hassan, 1996 ) .
2.2.5 Recycling system
The usage of this system is by and large restricted to state of affairs where it is necessary:
To restrict H2O harm after a inferno ;
To forestall accidental H2O harm caused by any accident mechanical intervention with the pipe work or sprinklers ; and
To be able to transport out work on the installing while guaranting that the system remains in a province of preparedness at all times.
When pre-action valve bend to open mean than the operation of any heat sensor activates the dismay driven tam-tam and primes the pipe work ready for the at hand gap of one or more sprinklers. If the fire was put out by portable asphyxiators instantly, the heat sensors automatically reset to the normal monitoring place. This has the consequence of originating a hydraulic force per unit area equalisation procedure which may typically take 5 proceedingss to finish. After this has occurred, the pre-action valve will be from opened and turn to closed. If the fire begins to rekindle, the heat sensors will be reactivated and do the pre-action valve once more be opened. After so H2O will be directed discharge to the beginning of the fire.
Others installings use electrical clocking units and the usage of electrically meshing circuitry is installed to guarantee that the system will non run entirely because of falling air force per unit area in the pipe work. With this system, any inadvertent harm to either the pipe work, or the sprinkler caputs will non do the chief valve to open. The disadvantage is when secret agents working on such an installing must take attention that they isolate that portion of the system on which they are working from the potentially active chief system. The system must be self-draining and the figure of sprinklers fitted to such an installing must non transcend 1000 ( Hassan, 1996 ) .
2.2.6 Deluge system
Deluge sprinkler systems are installed in high jeopardy operations, such as power bring forthing station, chemical storage, weaponries workss, and the countries which store points such as flammable liquids. These sprinkler systems will work together with independent fire sensing systems and discharge H2O instantly to the protected country during a fire. The flood sprinkler system is similar to a pre-action system. The difference between flood sprinkler system and pre-action system is that the flood sprinkler caputs are unfastened and the pipe is non pressurized with air.
Deluge systems are connected to a H2O supply through a flood valve that is opened when fume or heat sensing system is activated. The sensing system is installed in the same country as the sprinklers. When the sensing system is activated, H2O will dispatch through all of the sprinkler caputs onto the fire. Water is non equal to command or extinguishment fire in countries where flammable liquids are manufactured or stored. Water is require to blend with the froth dressed ore and do the dressed ore to spread out when released through the sprinkler caput, it may striping the fire beginning of O required to back up burning of flammable stuffs ( Hassan, 1996 ) .
2.2.7 Tail-end surrogate pipe and tail-end dry pipe systems
These systems may be regarded as an 'add-on ' system to a standard sprinkler installing and they are intended to cover with relatively little countries.
In a het edifices will served by a conventional moisture pipe system, it is possible that a little portion of the edifice is either unwarmed or is overheated temperatures. In order to cover with this, it is allowable to fall in a tail-end surrogate system onto the chief moisture pipe system.
The figure of sprinklers on any tail-end extension must non transcend 100. If it is more than two tail-end extensions are services by one valve set, the entire figure of sprinklers in the tail-end extension must non transcend 250 ( Hassan, 1996 ) .
2.3 Benefit of fire sprinkler system
Automatic fire sprinkler systems have been used to protect industrial and commercial belongingss for more than 100 old ages. Nowadays, fire sprinklers are non merely installed in commercial and industrial edifices but besides installed in residential edifices, office edifices, schools and hotels. Fire sprinkler systems are become common and popular that is because it is provide many benefits to us.
2.3.1 Reduce human deaths
It is hard to gauge how much safer fire sprinklers could supply in the event of fire. Based on grounds from research lab surveies and limited field experience in the United States, the surveies prove that fire sprinklers could salvage an extra 7.7 lives per million houses per twelvemonth. In add-on, the grounds besides proves that fire sprinklers could cut down the hazard of firefighter decease and hurt during put out a fire. It is estimated if all the edifices were installed with fire sprinklers, approximately 0.1 fireman lives could be saved per million houses per twelvemonth. Thus, the survey concludes that fire sprinkler could salvage an extra 7.8 lives per million houses per twelvemonth ( Rousseau, 1989 ) .
2.3.2 Reduce hurts
Based on the United Stated research, the survey proves that if installing of fire sprinkler in edifices could forestall about 87 people hurts per million houses each twelvemonth. The sum of firefighting hurts could besides be reduced through increased installing of sprinklers by every bit many as 30 firefighting hurts per million houses per twelvemonth. Based on American Studies, the cost to remedial per hurt to a civilian or fireman is $ 30,000 ( Rousseau, 1989 ) . These costs are included to pay medical measures and allowance for hurting and agony.
2.3.3 Reduce Insurance Premiums
Residential fire sprinkler systems are going more prevailing with each go throughing twelvemonth. If the edifice installed with fire sprinkler systems, it will do the extra 1 to 2 % addition in the concluding cost of the house ( Snyder, 2008 ) . Besides that, municipalities must account for the addition in residential system and guarantee that they are being maintained in conformity with current National Fire Protection Association criterions.
After installed fire sprinkler systems, they will really salvage money because they can cut down place insurance rates by 5 to 15 per centum ( Snyder, 2008 ) . These values are expected to be increase in the hereafter. In the event that there is a fire, they will besides salvage money in possible amendss.
2.3.4 Increase value of the edifice
A edifice constructed with fire sprinkler system has more value than a edifice without a fire sprinkler system. It is because a edifice with a fire sprinkler system provides extra fire safety for the edifice and therefore, the edifice worth more and the proprietor could derive more net income when selling the edifice.
2.3.5 Reduce belongings harm cost
Harmonizing to records for decennaries on belongings harm, the proprietor save about 90 % on belongings harm costs with fire sprinkler systems than those without fire sprinkler systems when a fire is happened. This is clear that a fire sprinkler system will pay for itself many times over. Harmonizing to Daniel Snyder article, the mean cost of amendss in places with fire sprinkler systems was about $ 2,000 and the mean cost of amendss in places without sprinkler systems was about $ 45,000.
2.3.6 More clip to get away
Fire sprinkler systems provide an extra grade of protection for both life and belongings above fume and other fire sensing systems. Sprinkler systems evidently help people by giving more clip for them to get away when a fire is go oning, so they help to salvage lives. A right designed and installed sprinkler system can observe and command a fire at an early phase of fire development and activate an dismay. So with the right operation of the sprinkler system will quickly cut down the production rate of heat and fume, therefore leting more clip for the residents to get away safety or be rescued.
2.3.7 Increase issue entree travel distance capacity
An addition in exit entree travel distances is a major distinguishable advantage for edifices with sprinkler system over edifices without sprinkler system. The issue entree travel distance mean the distance from any occupied part of a edifice to an issue. For illustration, the issue is such as enclosed staircase. Depending on the tenancy of the edifice, anyplace from an extra 50 to 100 pess of issue entree travel distance can be gained when the edifice is installed with fire sprinkler system ( International Building Codes, 2006 ) . Table 2.1 show the maximal travel distance between constructing with sprinkler and without sprinkler for different types of edifices.
SEVENTH SCHEDULE
MAXIMUM TRAVEL DISTANCES
( By-law 165 ( 4 ) , 166 ( 2 ) , 167 ( 1 ) , 170 ( B ) )
Purpose Group
Limit when alternate issues are available
( 2 ) ( 3 )
Dead-end bound ( meter )
Un-
sprinklered
Sprinklered
Small Residential
Institutional
Hospitals, Nursing Homes etc,
School
Open Plan
Flexible Plan
Other Residential
Hotels
Flatss
Dormitories
Office
Shops
Factory
General and Special Purpose
High Hazard
Open construction
Topographic points of Assembly
Storage and General
Low an Ordinary jeopardy
High Hazard
Parking Garages
Aircraft Hangars ( Ground Floor )
Aircraft airdocks ( Mezzanine Floor )
NR
9
6
NR
NR
10
10
0
15
15
15
0
NR
NR
NR
NR
15
NR
NR
NR
30
45
30
45
30
30
30
45
30
30
22
NR
45
NR
22.5
30
30
22.5
NR
45
60
45
60
45
45
45
60
45
45
22.5
NR
61
NR
30
45
45
22.5
Table 2.1 ( Beginnings from Uniform Building By-Law 1984 )
2.3.8 Increase Egress capacity
For the tenancies edifices which are installed with fire sprinkler systems, except high-hazard and infirmary, the agencies of egress constituents can be increased 50 % for the stairway breadth and 33 % for all other egress constituents such as corridors, doors, inclines ( International Building Codes, 2006 ) .
For illustration, a 44 inch of issue stairway concept in a edifice which is without fire sprinkler systems merely can function 146 individuals, but a same 44 inch of issue stairway concept in a edifice which is installed with fire sprinkler system can function 220 individuals. Besides that, 44 inch corridor concept with fire sprinkler system can function 293 individuals, without fire sprinkler system can function 220 individuals.
2.3.9 Reduce building cost
As antecedently reference, if the new edifice installed with fire sprinkler systems, it will do the extra 1 to 2 % addition in the concluding cost of the house. They are non merely can cut low the insurance premiums but besides cut down in building cost. This is because most edifice codifications provide big building leeway for sprinkler edifices. For illustration, fewer emersions are required and larger floor countries are allowed for the edifice with sprinkler systems installed. This executable design will assist proprietors and residents to cut down the building cost and stuff cost. Further more information about the advantages of fire sprinkler system relate to benefits of building cost economy will be explain as below:
2.3.9.1 Decrease in shaft enclosures
For edifice are non greater than 420 pess in tallness, the fire evaluation of perpendicular shaft such as HVAC, electrical, plumbing, trash/linen chutes, except issue enclosures and lift hoist manner enclosures, is permitted to be reduced to one hr where automatic sprinklers are installed within the shaft at the top and at alternate floor degrees ( International Building Codes, 2006 ) . This can be a large cost economy in high-rise edifice building.
2.3.9.2 Elimination of the entree anteroom for smokeproof issue stairway enclosures
For tower block edifice, the issue staircases off the floors located more than 75 pess above the lowest degree of fire section vehicle entree are required to be smokeproof issue enclosures ( IBC 1020.1.7 ) . The entree are to the stairway in a smokeproof issue enclosure is required to be form an unfastened outside balcony ( IBC subdivision 909.20.3 ) or a ventilated anteroom ( IBC Section 909.20.4 ) , with a breadth of non less than 72 inches ( IBC Section 909.20.1 ) .
If the high rise edifice is installed with fire sprinkler systems, under IBC subdivision 909.20.5 is allow to extinguish the unfastened outside balcony and /or the ventilated anteroom demands. This alternate saves valuable infinite on each floor of the edifice and it can be converted into rental or marketable infinite for the edifice proprietor. This can be a large cost economy in high-rise edifice building and besides derive excess net income for edifice proprietor.
2.4 Problem of fire sprinkler system
Fire sprinkler systems can be used to salvage lives, belongings and others benefit, whether they used in industrial edifices, offices, or place. But automatic fire sprinkler systems besides present some alone proficient jobs. Fortunately, such jobs can be avoided by cognizing the most common grounds for fire sprinkler failure. From the National Fire Sprinkler Association study, the most common grounds for fire sprinkler failure that are error sprinkler activate, overheating, stop deading, mechanical harm, corrosion, or leaking.
2.4.1 Problem sing elements of fire sprinkler
2.4.1.1 Corrosion
Corrosion or rust can weaken pipes and sprinkler caputs. The terrible corrosion jobs have been normally attributed to microbiologically influenced corrosion and known as MIC. This can ensue a sudden and unwelcome activation when a sprinkler pipe or caput fails. The National Fire Protection Association states that edifice proprietors are responsible for replacing sprinkler constituents that are corroded or rusted.
Corrosion of fire sprinkler piping can take to potentially risky system malfunction, every bit good as dearly-won H2O harm and fix costs. Unfortunately, reviews for MIC and corrosion are frequently overlooked until the jobs become serious, such as damaging leaks occur or the corrosion extend to a big countries of the full fire sprinkler system have to be replaced.
This disciplinary care attack is a retro-active scheme. The undertaking of the care squad in this scenario is normally to consequence fixs every bit shortly as possible. Cost associated with disciplinary care include fix, lost production and lost gross revenues. Repair costs are included replacing constituents, labor, and consumables.
Solution to corrosion of fire sprinkler
A new proactive attack to fire sprinkler care is available utilizing wholly non-invasive, supersonic engineerings that from the BASIC of a prognostic care attack ( Jeffrey, 2005 ) . This attack provides a cost-efficient agencies of observing the presence and supervising patterned advance of corrosion and making a digital record of the system province that can be used to schedule replacing of localised subdivisions of the system before leaks or operation failure occur.
2.4.1.2 Mechanical harm
Fire sprinkler systems depend on the unity of all their parts. If a sprinkler caput is hit or a pipe damaged, the parts can divide and the system can non be activate when fire is present. A common job with sprinkler caputs is harm from nearby building of forklifts that are raised excessively high, by chance strike harding off sprinkler caputs. Besides that, put ining automatic sprinklers can besides ensue in harm to the system if improper tools or techniques are used ( Russell and Fleming, 2000 ) .
Solution to mechanical harm
Fire sprinkler system must ever be inspected after the plants have been completed by contractor or sprinkler provider. Homeowner must guarantee all elements of the sprinklers in proper mode and without harm.
2.4.2 Problem sing installing of fire sprinkler
2.4.2.1 Freezing
There are two major sorts of fire sprinkler systems which are wet pipe and dry pipe sprinkler systems. Normally wet pipe sprinkler systems are most common used to put in in the edifices. For this sprinkler system, H2O is invariably maintained within the distribution piping. The advantage to this system is that it responds rapidly to a fire and less expensive than other sprinkler systems. The disadvantage to this system is than the H2O in the system could stop dead if installed to stop deading temperatures.
The job that is some rawness builder installs this type of sprinkler system exposed to stop deading temperatures and causes the pipes freezing, the H2O inside can turn to frost and spread out. The enlargement can interrupt pipes and adjustments, doing leaks and loss of H2O force per unit area. The enlargement besides can coerce unfastened sprinkler caputs, doing inadvertent activation when the pipes thaw out ( Russell and Fleming, 2000 ) .
Solution to shriek freezing
There are three solutions to work out this sort of job. The first solution to this job is to run all sprinkler shrieking inside interior walls and utilize wall mounted sprinkler caputs ( Schunk, 2008 ) . The ground of replace ceiling mounted sprinkler caputs to palisade mounted sprinkler caputs is that the infinite above the ceiling is capable to stop deading temperatures.
Another solution to this job is to blend antifreeze into the H2O ( Schunk, 2008 ) . It will forestall H2O inside the distribution pipe freezing when H2O mix with antifreeze. A job with this solution is that the care requires periodic draining of the system and replenishing with the proper mixture. This care is non merely expensive but besides really mussy and hard to execute in a finished house.
The last solution to forestall freeze is to put in the fire sprinkler shrieking beneath the ceiling insularity ( Schunk, 2008 ) . This ceiling insularity must do certain use to whole country, uncomplete ceiling insularity even to a little country will do the pipe freezing. In extra, insularity is merely slows down heat transportation and the pipes will finally stop dead if temperatures alterations to really cold.
The best manner to forestall this job happen is that the rawness builder or householder must speak to his contractor or sprinkler gross revenues representative about method to maintain fire sprinkler systems from stop deading temperatures. From illustration, the right method to this job that is chooses the dry pipe sprinkler system in the freeze temperatures.
2.4.2.2 Overheating
Heat is used to trip fire sprinklers. Fire sprinklers will automatic activate when the heat is detected and no affair the heat will or will non do the harm to people and belongings. Where fire sprinkler are located excessively close to warmer, fanlights, and other beginnings of heat, the fire sprinkler can by chance travel off and dispatch the H2O out.
Solution to overheating
Harmonizing to the regulations of National Fire Protection Associated criterion 13, installings of sprinkler systems require that higher temperature rated sprinkler be used. This means that the solder elements or glass bulbs used as the operating mechanisms will be designed and replaced with sprinkler caputs that are rated for higher heat. For illustration, normal glass bulbs will trip at temperatures of 68-74 but for higher rate of glass bulbs will trip at temperatures of 93-149 ( Russell and Fleming, 2000 ) . If the heat is above this scope, a qualified contractor should be hired to do the necessary alterations.
2.4.3 Problem sing H2O supply
2.4.3.1 Water supply
A typical domestic H2O supply for one and two household homes includes a 5/8 '' H2O service and metre and may include a H2O force per unit area regulator and/or a backflow preventer. All of these devices are designed for a typical residential H2O flow rate of 5 to 7 gallons per minute. Unfortunately, they can non present the 26 gpm which required by a residential fire sprinkler system. All of these devices need to be increased in size to 1A? '' in order the H2O flow rate go 26 gpm ( Schunk, 2008 ) .
The job is, a residential H2O force per unit area regulator and H2O metre that are increased in size to manage the higher fire flows will non decently cut down the H2O force per unit area when operating at the low flow rates that are typical in one and two household homes ( Schunk, 2008 ) .
Solution to H2O supply
Solution to these jobs is to put in a seconded larger H2O service dedicated to the fire sprinkler system. This solution is non merely expensive ab initio, but will hold ongoing cost because many H2O purveyors ' have a minimal monthly rate per metre. The minimal monthly rate mean even there is no ingestion but besides back up to pay certain minimal sum. Besides, the rates typically increase with the size of the H2O metre, so the fire sprinkler metre rates will be more so the rates for the domestic H2O metre. Again, adding a seconded larger H2O service and metre is a concealed cost that is because it is portion of the pipe fitter 's occupation, and hence non included in the fire sprinkler contractor 's command ( Schunk, 2008 ) .
