NAME: ADEOBA DOTUN PROGRAM: MARKETING TOPIC: RELEVANCE OF SIGMUND-FREUD’S THEORY TO THE PRESENT DAY CONSUMER MATRIC NO: 10AD010389 DATE: 23/05/2013 INTRODUCTION * Early 1900s published many works-- * Interpretation of Dreams (1900) * The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1901) * 1905 concept of sexual drive being most powerful personality component * 1906 Psychoanalytic Society formed * Many works burned in Nazi occupation (starting 1933) * Left Austria, fled to England 1938 * Died of jaw cancer 1939Sigmund Freud born on the 6th May 1856 – 23rd September 1939) was an Austrian neurologist who became known as the founding father of psychoanalysis. Freud qualified as a Doctor of Medicine at the University of Vienna in 1881 In October 1885, Freud went to Paris on a fellowship to study with Jean-Martin Charcot, a renowned neurologist who was conducting scientific research into hypnosis. He was later to recall the experience of this stay as catalytic in turning him toward the practice of medical psychopathology and away from a less financially promising career in neurology research.
Charcot specialized in the study of hysteria and susceptibility to hypnosis, which he frequently demonstrated with patients on stage in front of an audience. Once he had set up in private practice in 1886, Freud began using hypnosis in his clinical work. He adopted the approach of his friend and collaborator, Josef Breuer, in a use of hypnosis which was different from the French methods he had studied in that it did not use suggestion. The treatment of one particular patient of Breuer's proved to be transformative for Freud's clinical practice.
Described as Anna O she was invited to talk about her symptoms while under hypnosis (she would coin the phrase "talking cure" for her treatment). In the course of talking in this way these symptoms became reduced in severity as she retrieved memories of traumatic incidents associated with their onset. This led Freud to eventually establish in the course of his clinical practice that a more consistent and effective pattern of symptom relief could be achieved, without recourse to hypnosis, by encouraging patients to talk freely about whatever ideas or memories occurred to them.In addition to this procedure, which he called "free association", Freud found that patient's dreams could be fruitfully analysed to reveal the complex structuring of unconscious material and to demonstrate the psychic action of repression which underlay symptom formation. By 1896 Freud had abandoned hypnosis and was using the term "psychoanalysis" to refer to his new clinical method and the theories on which it was based. Approach to Freud's consulting rooms at Berggasse 19Freud's development of these new theories took place during a period in which he experienced heart irregularities, disturbing dreams and periods of depression, a “neurasthenia” which he linked to the death of his father in 1896 and which prompted a “self-analysis” of his own dreams and memories of childhood.
His explorations of his feelings of hostility to his father and rivalrous jealousy over his mother’s affections led him to a fundamental revision of his theory of the origin of the neuroses.On the basis of his early clinical work Freud had postulated that unconscious memories of sexual molestation in early childhood were a necessary precondition for the psychoneuroses (hysteria and obsessional neurosis), a formulation now known as Freud's seduction theory. In the light of his self-analysis Freud abandoned this theory, now arguing that the repressed sexual thoughts and fantasies of early childhood were the key causative factors in neuroses, whether or not derived from real events in the child's history.This transition from the theory of infantile sexual trauma to that of an autonomous infantile sexuality provided the basis for his formulation of the theory of the Oedipus complex.
DEATH By mid-September 1939, Freud's cancer of the mouth was causing him increasingly severe pain and had been declared to be inoperable. After reading Honore de Balzac's La Peau de chagrin in a single sitting, Freud turned to his doctor, friend and fellow refugee, Max Schur, reminding him that they had previously discussed the terminal stages of his illness: "Schur, you remember our 'contract' not to leave me in the lurch when the time had come.Now it is nothing but torture and makes no sense. " When Schur replied that he had not forgotten, Freud said, "I thank you," and then "Talk it over with Anna, and if she thinks it's right, then make an end of it.
" Anna Freud wanted to postpone her father’s death, but Schur convinced her it was pointless to keep him alive, and on 21 and 22 September administered doses of morphine that resulted in Freud's death on 23 September 1939. First and foremost Sigmund Freud research is based on personality theories framework.Freudian Theories: Sigmund Freud developed the idea that much of one’s adult personality stems from a fundamental conflict between a person’s desire to gratify his or her physical needs and necessity to function as a responsible member of society. Levels Of Awareness 1. Conscious: Current contents of your mind that you actively think of , What we call working memory , Easily accessed all the time.
2. Preconscious: Contents of the mind you are not currently aware of, Thoughts, memories, knowledge, wishes, feelings, Available for easy access when needed. 3.Unconscious: Contents kept out of conscious awareness, Not accessible at all, Processes that actively keep these thoughts from awareness . Freudian Structure of Personality According to Freud, an individual’s mind has a fixed amount of desire towards sexual activity, often called as libido.
No two individuals would have similar desire for sexual activity and the same would vary as per an individual’s situation, circumstance at the moment. An adult personality generally has three determinants: Id, Ego and Super Ego The outcome of the combination of all the three determinants shapes an adult personality.Freud believed than an individual’s personality has three parts and thus is often called as tripartite personality. According to Freud, we are born with our ID: The word "id" comes from the Latin word for "it" and refers exclusively to the biological component of personality. The id is the mental agency containing everything inherited, present at birth, and fixed in the individual's constitution- especially sexual and aggressive instincts.
It is raw, animalistic, and unorganized, knows no laws, obeys no rules and remains basic to the individual throughout life.Freud identified two mechanisms the id employs to rid the personality of tension: reflex action and primary process. In the former, the id responds automatically to sources of irritation, thereby promptly removing the tension which the irritant elicits. Examples of such inborn reflex mechanisms are sneezing, coughing, and blinking. Id is the unorganized reservoir of wishes or passions related to our sexual and aggressive drives, it strives for immediate gratification that bypasses demands of reality, order logic and reason.The Id is like a child when it wants something it wants it there and then without regard for consequences, so Id operates on pleasure principle The id is an important part of our personality because as newborns, it allows us to get our basic needs met.
Freud believed that the id is based on our pleasure principle. In other words, the id wants whatever feels good at the time, with no consideration for the reality of the situation. When a child is hungry, the id wants food, and therefore the child cries.When the child needs to be changed, the id cries. When the child is uncomfortable, in pain, too hot, too cold, or just wants attention, the id speaks up until his or her needs are met. The id doesn't care about reality, about the needs of anyone else, only its own satisfaction.
If you think about it, babies are not real considerate of their parents' wishes. They have no care for time, whether their parents are sleeping, relaxing, eating dinner, or bathing. When the id wants something, nothing else is important.Within the next three years, as the child interacts more and more with the world, the second part of the personality begins to develop.
Freud called this part the Ego : The ego is based on the reality principle. The ego understands that other people have needs and desires and that sometimes being impulsive or selfish can hurt us in the long run. Its the ego's job to meet the needs of the id, while taking into consideration the reality of the situation. By the age of five, or the end of the phallic stage of development, the Superego develops.
The Superego is the moral part of us and develops due to the moral and ethical restraints placed on us by our caregivers. Many equate the superego with the conscience as it dictates our belief of right and wrong. Begins forming at 4-5 yrs of age, initially formed form environment and others (society, family etc),Internalized conventions and morals. In a healthy person, according to Freud, the ego is the strongest so that it can satisfy the needs of the id, not upset the superego, and still take into consideration the reality of every situation.Not an easy job by any means, but if the id gets too strong, impulses and self gratification take over the person's life.
If the superego becomes to strong, the person would be driven by rigid morals, would be judgmental and unbending in his or her interactions with the world. You'll learn how the ego maintains control as you continue to read. There are two parts of the superego: 1. The ego ideal includes the rules and standards for good behaviors. These behaviors include those which are approved of by parental and other authority figures.
Obeying these rules leads to feelings of pride, value and accomplishment. 2. The conscience includes information about things that are viewed as bad by parents and society. These behaviors are often forbidden and lead to bad consequences, punishments or feelings of guilt and remorse. The superego acts to perfect and civilize our behavior. It works to suppress all unacceptable urges of the id and struggles to make the ego act upon idealistic standards rather that upon realistic principles.
The superego is present in the conscious, preconscious and unconscious.The Interaction of the Id, Ego and Superego With so many competing forces, it is easy to see how conflict might arise between the id, ego and superego. Freud used the term ego strength to refer to the ego's ability to function despite these dueling forces. A person with good ego strength is able to effectively manage these pressures, while those with too much or too little ego strength can become too unyielding or too disrupting. According to Freud, the key to a healthy personality is a balance between the id, the ego, and the superego.
The term psychoanalysis is used to refer to many aspects of Freud’s work and research, including Freudian therapy and the research methodology he used to develop his theories. Freud relied heavily upon his observations and case studies of his patients when he formed his theory of personality development. Before we can understand Freud's theory of personality, we must first understand his view of how the mind is organized. According to Freud, the mind can be divided into two main parts: 1. The conscious mind includes everything that we are aware of.This is the aspect of our mental processing that we can think and talk about rationally.
A part of this includes our memory, which is not always part of consciousness but can be retrieved easily at any time and brought into our awareness. Freud called this ordinary memory the preconscious. 2. The unconscious mind is a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that outside of our conscious awareness. Most of the contents of the unconscious are unacceptable or unpleasant, such as feelings of pain, anxiety, or conflict.According to Freud, the unconscious continues to influence our behavior and experience, even though we are unaware of these underlying influences.
The unconscious is the portion of the mind of which a person is not aware of. Freud said that it is the unconscious that exposes the true feelings, emotions, and thoughts of the individual. There are variety of psychoanalytic techniques used to access and understand the unconscious, ranging from methods like hypnosis, free association, dream analysis. Dreams allow us to explore the unconscious; according to Freud, they are "the 'royal road' to the unconscious".Dreams are composed of latent and manifest content.
Whereas latent content is the underlying meaning of a dream that may not be remembered when a person wakes up, manifest content is the content from the dream that a person remembers upon waking and can be analyzed by a psychoanalytic psychologist. Exploring and understanding the manifest content of dreams can inform the individual of complexes or disorders that may be under the surface of their personality. Dreams can provide access to the unconscious that is not easily accessible. CONFLICTS OF PERSONALITY COMPONENTS Conflicts between the Id, Superego and Ego arise in unconscious mind * Can’t be reached bc in unconscious * Come out in various ways * Slips of tongue (“Freudian slip”) * Dreams: Freud was possibly the first Psychologist to suggest why we dream.
He was mainly concerned with a research technique known as psychoanalysis, whereby he would listen to patients talk about experiences and then use them to diagnose and treat mental illness. * Jokes * Anxiety * Defense Mechanisms…. Defense Mechanisms According to Freud’s theory, Repression is one of the most powerful defense mechanisms which push irrational impulses into unconscious mind.Defense mechanisms play an important role in pushing unrealistic thoughts out of awareness. Stressful thoughts which are threatening to an individual’s survival should be pushed into unconscious mind to reduce anxiety through repression.
Psychosexual Stages Freud believed that a single organ or body part is more sensitive to sexual stimulation at a particular stage in a child’s complete development cycle. These organs often referred to as erogenous zones include mouth, genital regions and anus. An individual’s sexual desires depend on erogenous zone for a particular age.Sometimes a child finds himself/herself overindulged in sexual pleasures of a particular age and is reluctant to grow beyond that stage. Frustration arises when sexual needs are not fulfilled. Overindulgence and Frustration sometimes lead to fixation.
Fixation refers to a state where an individual is reluctant to progress beyond a particular stage and is often obsessed with a sexual attachment. * Oral Stage (0-18 months) * Pleasure centering around the mouth (sucking, biting etc) * Focus: weaning- becoming less dependent * Not resolved? ggression or dependency later in life-- fixation with oral activities (smoking, drinking, nail biting etc. * Anal (18-35 months) * Phallic (3-6 years) * Focus: genital area and difference btwn males and females * Electra Complex or Oedipus Complex * Latency (6 yrs to puberty) * Sexual interest is repressed * Kids play with same sex others-- until puberty * Genital (puberty and beyond) * Sexual urges awaken * If developed “properly” develop these urges towards opposite sex members with fixation on the genitals . Complexes In Phallic Stage * Oedipus Complex (boys) Unconscious sexual desires towards mother, father is competition * Simultaneously fears the dad- “castration anxiety” * Electra Complex (girls) * Unconscious sexual desires towards father and mother is completion Penis envy. * Resolution? * Kid identifies with same sex parent Conclusion Freud however had criticisms and critiques like he studied very few people so not representative sample Also the process of psychoanalysis interviewing- exhibit preconceived notions and biases His measures/methods were untreatable, Definitions don’t lend themselves to experimentation One’s personality is fixed and unchangingObsessed with sex and aggression Freud's theories of personality development focus on how our natural psychic drives adjust due to societal regulations. Freud emphasized how events in early childhood dictated our behavior later in life.
Adult development was not Freud's focus, and he rejected hierarchical models of personality development because they unfairly imposed societal norms upon the individual. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTI want to thank God for giving me the opportunity to do this assignment and also my lecturer Dr Rowland Worlu for taking time out to give me this assignment. Thank you Sir. REFERENCES "The Economic Problem of Masochism.
" The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. London: Hogarth, 1953. Mendaglio, Sal. "The Theory of Positive Disintegration (TPD) and Other Approaches to Personality. " Dabrowski's Theory of Positive Disintegration. Scottsdale, AZ: Great Potential, 2008.
